WordNet

of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies (同)reddish, ruddy, blood-red, carmine, cerise, cherry, cherry-red, crimson, ruby, ruby-red, scarlet
red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood (同)redness
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)ray
a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana (同)Red River

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『赤,』『赤色;』赤い絵の具(染料) / 〈U〉赤い服 / 〈C〉《しばしば『R-』》《話》《時に軽べつして》アカ,共産主義者;過激論(主義)者 / 〈U〉《通例the ~》(会計の)赤字,負債 / 『赤い』,赤色の / (顔・目などが)赤くなった;血に染った / 赤い服を着た;赤毛の / 《しばしば『R-』》《話》《軽べつして》共産主義の;過激な
中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
レ(全音階の第2音)
roentgen / recto

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/07 21:44:49」(JST)

wiki en

The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It is pale pink in color; the color is believed to be due to iron, which is present in the red nucleus in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and ferritin.^[1] It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. It is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.

Function

In vertebrates without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.

However, where the corticospinal tract is dominant (as in primates), the rubrospinal tract may be considered to be vestigial. Therefore, here the red nucleus is less important in motor functions than in many other mammals. However, the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm swinging in typical walking.^[2] The red nucleus may play an additional role in controlling muscles of the shoulder and upper arm via projections of its magnocellular part. In humans, the red nucleus also has sparse control over hands, as the rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for arms (but not the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord). Fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the corticospinal tract). The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the spinal cord, but instead (via its parvocellular part) relay information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum through the inferior olivary complex, an important relay center in the medulla.

Input and output

The red nucleus receives many inputs from the cerebellum (interposed nucleus and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the opposite side and an input from the motor cortex of the same side.

The red nucleus has two sets of efferents:-

In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial tegmental field toward the inferior olive of the same side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the cerebellum.
The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord of the opposite side, making up the rubrospinal tract, which runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract. As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in primates, because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal.

Additional images

Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
Transverse section through mid-brain.
Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
Human brain frontal (coronal) section
Red nucleus
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
Cerebrum. Inferior view.Deep dissection

References

^ Wikipedia Red Nucleus Revision https://sites.google.com/site/childrenoftheamphioxus/table-of-contents/wikipedia-red-nucleus-revision
^ Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. 2011. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-9569621-0-2.

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "Red nucleus" at the BrainMaps project
Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
2. 成人における昏迷および昏睡 stupor and coma in adults
3. 赤血球細胞の力学 red blood cell mechanics
4. 赤血球細胞の生存：正常値と測定値 red blood cell survival normal values and measurement
5. 赤血球細胞膜の動態および機構 red blood cell membrane dynamics and organization

English Journal

Noradrenergic antidepressants increase cortical dopamine: Potential use in augmentation strategies.

Masana M, Castañé A, Santana N, Bortolozzi A, Artigas F.SourceDepartment of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2012 Sep;63(4):675-84. Epub 2012 May 28.
Most antidepressant treatments, based on serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) transporter blockade, show limited efficacy and slow onset of action, requiring the use of augmentation strategies. Here we report on a novel antidepressant strategy to selectively increase DA function in prefrontal
PMID 22652058

GIRK2 expression in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

Reyes S, Fu Y, Double K, Thompson L, Kirik D, Paxinos G, Halliday GM.SourceNeuroscience Research Australia and the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, 2031 New South Wales, Australia.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2012 Aug 15;520(12):2591-607. doi: 10.1002/cne.23051.
G-protein-regulated inward-rectifier potassium channel 2 (GIRK2) is reported to be expressed only within certain dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), although very limited data are available in humans. We examined the localization of GIRK2 in the SN and adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA
PMID 22252428

Japanese Journal

Vasopressin-Enhanced green fluorescent protein and oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 in colchicine treated transgenic rats (Special issue : proceedings of parvo- and magnocellular symposium in Sendai : creating a new stream of neuroendocrinology)

Interdisciplinary Information Sciences 21(3), 197-206, 2015-09
NAID 110009966528

Metabolic Activity of Red Nucleus and Its Correlation with Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum : A Study Using a High-Resolution Semiconductor PET System

Journal of Nuclear Medicine 56(8), 1206-1211, 2015-08-01
NAID 120005625325

Body Lateropulsionと神経眼科

神経眼科 32(4), 366-370, 2015
NAID 130005121305

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「赤核」「red nuclei」
関連記事	「red」

「赤核」

Red nucleus
	Transverse section through the midbrain showing the location of the red nuclei. The superior colliculi are at the top of image and the cerebral peduncles at the bottom of image – both in section.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus ruber
MeSH	A08.186.211.132.659.822.642
NeuroNames	hier-496
NeuroLex ID	Red nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12583247
TA	A14.1.06.323
FMA	62407
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]