出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/13 02:35:50」(JST)
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States). The DRI is used in North America by the medical, dietary and food production sectors.
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling, and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of Sciences in order to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense".[1]
The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35).
The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety." Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.
The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, United States Department of Agriculture nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group in order to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.
Dietary Reference Intake values are commonly used and referred to by individuals, the medical community and the food production sectors which display a set of Daily Values for individual nutrients on product labels.
The DRI provides several different types of reference value:[2]
The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada and is intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include:
The current DRI values differ from those used in nutrition labeling in the U.S. and Canada, which uses Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) based on RDAs from 1968.[3]
EARs, RDA/AIs and ULs for an average healthy 44-year-old male are shown below. EARs shown as "NE" have not yet been established or not yet evaluated. ULs shown as "ND" could not be determined, and it is recommended that intake from these nutrients be from food only, to prevent adverse effects. Amounts and "ND" status for other age and gender groups, pregnant women, lactating women, and breastfeeding infants may be much different.[4]
| Nutrient | EAR | RDA/AI | UL[5] | Unit | Top Sources in Common Measures, USDA[6] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 625 | 900 | 3000 | µg | turkey and chicken giblets, liver, carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato |
| Vitamin C | 75 | 90 | 2000 | mg | guavas, oranges, grapefruits, frozen peaches, [i] bell peppers |
| Vitamin D[8] | 10 | 15 | 100 | µg | fortified cereals, mushrooms, yeast, sockeye salmon, swordfish, rainbow trout, sardines, cod liver oil (also fortified foods and beverages) |
| Vitamin K | NE | 120 | ND | µg | kale, collards, spinach, yellow split peas, white beans, green peas, brussel sprouts, prunes, asparagus |
| Vitamin B6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 100 | mg | fortified cereals, chickpeas, sockeye salmon |
| α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) | 12 | 15 | 1000 | mg | fortified cereals, tomato paste, sunflower seeds |
| Biotin (B7) | NE | 30 | ND | µg | whole grains, almonds, peanuts, beef liver, egg yolk, salmon[9] |
| Calcium[8] | 800 | 1000 | 2500 | mg | fortified cereals, collards, almonds, condensed cow's milk, cheese, figs |
| Chloride | NE | 2300 | 3600 | mg | table salt |
| Chromium | NE | 35 | ND | µg | broccoli, turkey ham, tuna, grape juice[10] |
| Choline | NE | 550 | 3500 | mg | egg yolk, meats, lecithin, beef liver, condensed milk, quinoa, salmon, cod |
| Copper | 700 | 900 | 10000 | µg | sunflower seeds, oysters, lobster, cashews, dark chocolate, pearled barley |
| Cyanocobalamin (B12) | 2.0 | 2.4 | ND | µg | fortified cereals, turkey, clams, beef, egg yolk, sardines, tuna fish, mackerel |
| Fluoride | NE | 4 | 10 | mg | public drinking water, where fluoridation is performed or natural fluorides are present |
| Folate (B9) | 320 | 400 | 1000 | µg | leafy greens, enriched white rice, fortified cereals, enriched cornmeal |
| Iodine | 95 | 150 | 1100 | µg | iodized salt, kelp, cod |
| Iron | 6 | 8 | 45 | mg | fortified cereals, turkey, walnuts, dark chocolate, spinach |
| Magnesium | 330 | 400 | 350[ii] | mg | buckwheat flour, rolled oats, spinach, almonds, dark chocolate, bulgur, quinoa |
| Manganese | NE | 2.3 | 11 | mg | oat bran, whole grain wheat flour, bulgur, rolled oats, brown rice, parboiled rice, dark chocolate |
| Molybdenum | 34 | 45 | 2000 | µg | legumes, grain products, green peas, nuts and seeds[12] |
| Niacin (B3) | 12 | 16 | 35 | mg | fortified cereals, yellowfin tuna, sockeye salmon, chicken meat |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | NE | 5 | ND | mg | fortified cereals, beef liver, shiitake mushrooms |
| Phosphorus | 580 | 700 | 4000 | mg | cornmeal, condensed milk, wheat flour, rolled oats, brown rice, bulgur, milk, meats |
| Potassium | NE | 4700 | ND | mg | potatoes, bananas, tomato paste, tomatoes, orange juice, beet greens, quinoa, rolled oats, bulgur, beans, peas, cashews, pistachio nuts |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 1.1 | 1.3 | ND | mg | almonds, sesame seeds, spaghetti, beef liver, turkey |
| Selenium | 45 | 55 | 400 | µg | Brazil nuts, rockfish, yellowfin tuna, beef, sardines, salmon, egg yolk, pearled barley, mackerel |
| Sodium | NE | 1500 | 2300 | mg | onion soup mix, miso, table salt, egg whites |
| Thiamin (B1) | 1.0 | 1.2 | ND | mg | fortified cereals, enriched wheat flour, breadcrumbs |
| Zinc | 9.4 | 11 | 40 | mg | nuts, oysters, fortified cereals, beef, baked beans, oatmeal |
EAR: Estimated Average Requirements; RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances; AI: Adequate Intake; UL: Tolerable upper intake levels.
It is also recommended that the following substances not be added to food or dietary supplements. Research has been conducted into adverse effects, but was not conclusive in many cases:
| Substance | RDA/AI | UL | units per day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic | — | ND | — |
| Silicon | — | ND | — |
| Vanadium | — | 1.8 | mg |
RDA/AI is shown below for males and females aged 40–50 years.[4]
| Substance | Amount (males) | Amount (females) | Top Sources in Common Measures[6] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water[i] | 3.7 L/day | 2.7 L/day | water, watermelon, iceberg lettuce |
| Carbohydrates | 130 g/day | 130 g/day | milk, grains, fruits, vegetables |
| Protein[ii] | 56 g/day | 46 g/day | meats, fish, legumes (pulses and lentils), nuts, milk, cheeses, eggs |
| Fiber | 38 g/day | 25 g/day | barley, bulgur, rolled oats, legumes, nuts, beans, apples, |
| Fat | 20–35% of calories | oils, butter, lard, nuts, seeds, fatty meat cuts, egg yolk, cheeses | |
| Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid (polyunsaturated) | 17 g/day | 12 g/day | sunflower seeds, sunflower oil, safflower oil, |
| alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (polyunsaturated) | 1.6 g/day | 1.1 g/day | Linseed oil (Flax seed), salmon, sardines |
| Cholesterol | 300 milligrams(mg)[13] | chicken giblets, turkey giblets, beef liver, egg yolk | |
| Trans fatty acids | As low as possible | ||
| Saturated fatty acids | As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet [14] | coconut meat, coconut oil, lard, cheeses, butter, chocolate, egg yolk | |
| Added sugar | No more than 25% of calories | foods that taste sweet but are not found in nature, like: sweets, cookies, cakes, jams, energy drinks, soda drinks, many processed foods | |
The equations used to calculate the RDA are as follows:
"If the standard deviation (SD) of the EAR is available and the requirement for the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDA is set at two SDs above the EAR:
If data about variability in requirements are insufficient to calculate an SD, a coefficient of variation (CV) for the EAR of 10 percent is assumed, unless available data indicate a greater variation in requirements. If 10 percent is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount when added to the EAR is defined as equal to the RDA. The resulting equation for the RDA is then
This level of intake statistically represents 97.5 percent of the requirements of the population."[15]
In September 2007, the Institute of Medicine held a workshop entitled “The Development of DRIs 1994–2004: Lessons Learned and New Challenges.”[16] At that meeting, several speakers stated that the current Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRI’s) were largely based upon the very lowest rank in the quality of evidence pyramid, that is, opinion, rather than the highest level – randomized controlled clinical trials. Speakers called for a higher standard of evidence to be utilized when making dietary recommendations.
| Nutrient | Percent of U.S. population ages 2+ meeting EAR in 2004[17] |
|---|---|
| Protein | 88.9% |
| Vitamin A | 46.0% |
| Vitamin C | 51.0% |
| Vitamin E | 13.6% |
| Thiamin | 81.6% |
| Riboflavin | 89.1% |
| Niacin | 87.2% |
| Vitamin B6 | 73.9% |
| Folate | 59.7% |
| Vitamin B12 | 79.7% |
| Phosphorus | 87.2% |
| Magnesium | 43.0% |
| Iron | 89.5% |
| Selenium | 91.5% |
| Zinc | 70.8% |
| Copper | 84.2% |
| Calcium | 30.9% |
| Fiber | 8.0% |
| Potassium | 7.6% |
| % calories from total fat <= 35% | 59.4% |
| % calories from saturated fat < 10% | 40.8% |
| Cholesterol intake < 300 mg | 68.4% |
| Sodium intake <= 2,300 mg | 29.9% |
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| リンク元 | 「RDA」 |
| 関連記事 | 「allowance」「recommend」「daily」 |