WordNet

set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely"
a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didnt have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time"
a suitable moment; "it is time to go"
adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely"
an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time"
regulate or set the time of; "time the clock"
the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" (同)clip
a persons experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together"
assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene"
of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation; "real prices"; "real income"; "real wages"
an old small silver Spanish coin
the basic unit of money in Brazil; equal to 100 centavos
being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; "real objects"; "real people; not ghosts"; "a film based on real life"; "a real illness"; "real humility"; "Life is real! Life is earnest!"- Longfellow (同)existent
capable of being treated as fact; "tangible evidence"; "his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor" (同)tangible
(of property) fixed or immovable; "real property consists of land and buildings"
no less than what is stated; worthy of the name; "the real reason"; "real war"; "a real friend"; "a real woman"; "meat and potatoes--I call that a real meal"; "its time he had a real job"; "its no penny-ante job--hes making real money"
not to be taken lightly; "statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems"; "to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real"
indicate the dimensions on; "These techniques permit us to dimension the human heart"
shape or form to required dimensions
the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height)
one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space
being one more than one; "he received two messages" (同)2, ii
the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number (同)2, II, deuce
shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii (同)Cordyline terminalis
the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization (同)te, si

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《冠詞をつけずに》(空間に対しての)『時間』,時 / 〈U〉(時計で示される)『時刻』 / 〈U〉(ある方式で決められる)『時間』,標準時 / 〈C〉〈U〉(特定の)『時』,おり,ころ / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある長さの)『時間』,期間 / 〈U〉(要する)『時間』;暇 / 《しばしば複数形で》(歴史上の)『時代』 / 《複数形で》時勢,景気 / 《one's ~》(個人の)一生;若いころ;生涯の特定の時期 / 〈U〉《しばしば A ~》(ある経験をした)『時間』 / 〈C〉『…回』,度 / 〈C〉『…倍』 / …の時間を定める / (…に)…の調子を合わせる《+名+to+名》 / …の時間を計る
(想像でなく)『現実の』,実際の,真実の / (まがいものでなく)『本物の』 / 不動産の / ほんとうに,とても(very)
〈C〉(長さ・幅・厚さなどの)『寸法』 / 《通例複数形で》大きさ,範囲,規模 / 〈C〉広がり,展望(scope) / 〈C〉(数学で)次元
〈C〉(数の)『2』,2の記号 / 〈U〉2時,2分;2歳 / 《複数扱い》二人;2個 / 〈C〉二つ(二人,2個)1組のもの / 〈C〉(カードゲーム)2の札,(さいころの)2の目 / 2の;二人の;二つの,2個の / 《補語にのみ用いて》2歳の(で)
シ(全音階の第7音)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 筋骨格系超音波検査：命名法、技術的な懸念、検証、および標準化musculoskeletal ultrasonography nomenclature technical considerations validation and standardization [show details]
… Conventional machines show two-dimensional pictures in real time of the area of interest. Advances in technology have led to the development of three-dimensional (3D) US for the spatial… Color Doppler US (CD-US) applies the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The information from Doppler US is integrated in the grayscale…
2. 収縮性心膜炎constrictive pericarditis [show details]
… Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography allow structural visualization while Doppler echocardiography provides hemodynamic information.… reversibility of constrictive pericarditis following treatment with anti-inflammatory agents . Real-time, free-breathing phase contrast flow can detect the characteristic respirophasic changes in mitral …
3. 三次元心エコー検査three dimensional echocardiography [show details]
… diagnostic tool for real-time imaging of cardiac structure and function. One of the significant advances in this field has been the development and refinement of three-dimensional (3D) imaging.… imaging to overcome many of the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography has been fully recognized,…
4. 頚動脈狭窄の評価evaluation of carotid artery stenosis [show details]
… either two- or three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) MRA or gadolinium-enhanced MRA (also known as contrast-enhanced MRA or CEMRA). MRA produces a reproducible three-dimensional image of the… Advances in computational power have made real time compound imaging available for clinical practice,…
5. 組織ドップラー心エコーtissue doppler echocardiography [show details]
… lines within a two-dimensional sector . Color-coded blood velocity data are then superimposed on conventional gray scale two-dimensional images in real time.… Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) has become an established component of the diagnostic ultrasound examination; it permits an assessment of myocardial motion using Doppler ultrasound imaging.…

English Journal

The use of portable 2D echocardiography and 'frame-based' bubble counting as a tool to evaluate diving decompression stress.

Germonpré P1, Papadopoulou V2, Hemelryck W3, Obeid G4, Lafère P5, Eckersley RJ6, Tang MX7, Balestra C8.Author information 1Divers Alert Network Europe, Roseto, Italy and Brussels, Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Military Hospital Brussels, Belgium, Phone: +32-(0)2-264-4868, Fax: +32-(0)2-264-4861, E-mail: peter.germonpre@mil.be.2Biophysiology and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Paul Henri Spaak, University of Brussels, Belgium, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK.3Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.4Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.5Divers Alert Network Europe, Roseto, Italy and Brussels, Belgium, Department of Anesthesiology and Hyperbaric Medicine, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France.6Biomedical Engineering Department, Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK.7Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK.8Divers Alert Network Europe, Roseto, Italy and Brussels, Belgium, Biophysiology and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Paul Henri Spaak, University of Brussels, Belgium.AbstractINTRODUCTION: 'Decompression stress' is commonly evaluated by scoring circulating bubble numbers post dive using Doppler or cardiac echography. This information may be used to develop safer decompression algorithms, assuming that the lower the numbers of venous gas emboli (VGE) observed post dive, the lower the statistical risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Current echocardiographic evaluation of VGE, using the Eftedal and Brubakk method, has some disadvantages as it is less well suited for large-scale evaluation of recreational diving profiles. We propose and validate a new 'frame-based' VGE-counting method which offers a continuous scale of measurement.
Diving and hyperbaric medicine : the journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society.Diving Hyperb Med.2014 Mar;44(1):5-13.
INTRODUCTION: 'Decompression stress' is commonly evaluated by scoring circulating bubble numbers post dive using Doppler or cardiac echography. This information may be used to develop safer decompression algorithms, assuming that the lower the numbers of venous gas emboli (VGE) observed post dive, t
PMID 24687479

Ultrasonic detection of decompression-induced bubbles.

Pollock NW1, Nishi RY2.Author information 1Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, and Divers Alert Network, Durham NC, USA, E-mail: neal.pollock@duke.edu.2Defence R and D Canada - Toronto (retired), Toronto, ON, Canada, E-mail: nishir@rogers.com.AbstractDetection of gas emboli (bubbles) using ultrasound is a principle tool for monitoring decompression stress short of symptom development. Decompression-induced bubbles were first observed 47 years ago at the Virginia Mason Research Center as audible signals from sheep being monitored with a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. Bubbles were later observed in human divers following decompression. Aural detection of decompression induced bubbles usually employs continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonic bubble detection (DUBD) using transcutaneous transducers to monitor a three-dimensional volume of blood in the precordial region (pulmonary artery or right ventricle of the heart) or peripheral veins such as the subclavian. Pulsed DUBD may provide more sensitivity and reduce background noise since 'range-gating' can be used to look at a specific distance from the transducer where bubbles are expected. However, it is more difficult to use, particularly with multiple subjects who are measured serially, and not widely applied in decompression studies. In either case, the portability of the instruments makes them useful for both laboratory and field studies. The use of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography to look for bubbles in the chambers of the heart is a more recent development. 2D systems can provide a cross-sectional view along a single plane of all four chambers of the heart. Thus, unlike DUBD systems that assess only blood prior to pulmonary filtration, 2D imaging systems can also assess blood that will be sent systemically. Initially, 2D scanning devices were of sufficient bulk to be limited to laboratory studies. However, within the last 15 years, battery-operated portable units with sufficient resolution have become available for field studies. Technological advances, particularly harmonic processing, which allows analysis of less noisy signals at a harmonic frequency other than at the return of the fundamental frequency sent out by the device, have made it possible to achieve image resolution close to that of standard clinical laboratory instruments. While transoesophageal echocardiography offers better resolution, transthoracic echocardiography is more appropriate for the relatively prolonged and repeated sampling used in decompression studies and is generally adequate to identify highly reflective gas bubbles. DUBD requires observers who have the aural skills (and aptitude) to identify and semi-quantify bubbles in the complex signals arising from blood flow and heart motion artifacts. Bubbles are usually graded with one of two common scales. Disparities in technician skill, technician bias, signal quality and the grading scales used create a degree of inherent subjectivity in grading. Automated detection and counting systems, whether hardware-based or software-driven, have long been desired but difficult to produce in a robust form. 2D echocardiography, on the other hand, can produce visual representations of bubbles, potentially more easily assessed with automated counting algorithms. It remains to be seen how such systems can address the confounding introduced by bubbles in the blood volume either not passing through or repeatedly passing through the imaging plane. Other major challenges are the estimation of bubble size and total gas volume when direct measurement is not available for confirmation. While dual frequency ultrasound holds potential for future bubble sizing (the first pulse excites bubbles of a diameter related to the ultrasound frequency and the second pulse identifies vibrating bubbles; a sweep of frequencies could identify a range of bubble sizes), the issues are complex. The shape of bubbles, for example, particularly larger bubbles, can be substantially distorted, potentially affecting size estimates. While current efforts can be valuable, any size and volume estimates must be considered very critically and with substantial restraint. A final practical challenge is the comparability of different methods of grading bubbles. While there has been some evaluation of sequential DUBD and 2D scans, such efforts have been completed with very few of the many devices available. Questions of comparability are likely to increase as technology evolves and resolution continues to improve. The evolution of 2D imaging has become apparent in recent reports documenting a greater than expected frequency of bubbles in the left heart. Classically, left heart bubbles have been associated with an elevated risk of serious decompression sickness (DCS) since they have bypassed pulmonary filtration and are about to be sent forth systemically; the jump in observations with current devices (in asymptomatic subjects) suggests that their impact in decompression stress likely requires a more nuanced assessment. While the relationship between bubbles and DCS is not simple, there is a clear association. Practically, bubbles occur far more frequently than DCS, sometimes following exposures that have very good safety records. The great utility of bubble assessment is likely to remain, not in determining absolute decompression risk, but in assessing relative decompression stress, in studies with a repeated measures design. Bubble studies can be useful in developing and validating dive tables and/or in evaluating and modifying dive profiles and procedures. Repeated-measures design is very important given the marked inter-individual variability in bubble expression. Intra-individual variability will remain a concern, moderated by the tightest controls feasible. In this issue, two papers consider 2D ultrasound systems to detect and quantify decompression stress. Blogg et al provide a review of the comparability of Doppler and 2D imaging technologies and evaluate the impact of harmonic processing and estimates of bubble load by obtaining paired 2D ultrasound images made using conventional and harmonic imaging. Germonpré et al look at 2D imaging procedures, bubble grading, statistical methodologies for determining inter- and intra-rater agreement, and how a frame-based bubble counting system can improve agreement. The framebased system allows bubbles to be treated as a continuous variable and may, perhaps, ultimately lead to computer-based algorithms for real-time analysis. A third paper in this issue, by Doolette et al, analyzes sample sizes required for sufficient statistical power to assess the differences in DCS risk between two decompression schedules when using observations of bubbles (that may have substantial variability) as an endpoint. Paired samples (from subjects monitored with 2D echocardiography) of different sizes were investigated. The considerations raised in this paper may provide guidance in estimating appropriate sample sizes for future studies using observed bubbles for comparison of different dive profiles. While these authors employed a somewhat novel scale, it is possible that the methods described can be applied as a general standard to a variety of scales. The common thread in these three papers is 2D imaging. They reflect a trend in decompression research towards a greater reliance on these techniques. Key benefits are their increased sensitivity and the ability to assess both sides of the heart. Still, despite these benefits, the relatively high cost of 2D systems and the extensive record of DUBD studies will undoubtedly keep DUBD technology in play, demanding ongoing attention to comparability.
Diving and hyperbaric medicine : the journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society.Diving Hyperb Med.2014 Mar;44(1):2-3.
Detection of gas emboli (bubbles) using ultrasound is a principle tool for monitoring decompression stress short of symptom development. Decompression-induced bubbles were first observed 47 years ago at the Virginia Mason Research Center as audible signals from sheep being monitored with a Doppler u
PMID 24687478

Assessment of cardiac time intervals using high temporal resolution real-time spiral phase contrast with UNFOLDed-SENSE.

Kowalik GT1, Knight DS, Steeden JA, Tann O, Odille F, Atkinson D, Taylor A, Muthurangu V.Author information 1UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, London, United Kingdom.AbstractPURPOSE: To develop a real-time phase contrast MR sequence with high enough temporal resolution to assess cardiac time intervals.
Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.Magn Reson Med.2014 Feb 14. doi: 10.1002/mrm.25183. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To develop a real-time phase contrast MR sequence with high enough temporal resolution to assess cardiac time intervals.METHODS: The sequence utilized spiral trajectories with an acquisition strategy that allowed a combination of temporal encoding (Unaliasing by fourier-encoding the overlap
PMID 24554494

Japanese Journal

僧帽弁複合体

尾長谷喜久子,大倉宏之
超音波医学 41(2), 165-174, 2014
経食道心エコーで左房側から描出されるsurgeon's viewは，リアルタイムで描出が可能で僧帽弁の解剖を容易に理解できることから，3次元心エコー図法のなかで最も臨床に応用される手法である．また，取り込まれた3次元画像から2次元画像を切り出すmultiplaner reconstruction（MPR）法は，2次元心エコーでは描出の難しい断面を描出することができ，僧帽弁病変の詳細な観察が可能であ …
NAID 130004496915

健康診断における3D心エコー法の活用：今後の展望

笠巻祐二,橋本賢一,相馬正義
総合健診 40(2), 287-292, 2013
　健診における 3D心エコー法の活用について、現状の 2D心エコーの問題点と 3D心エコーの現況を踏まえながら今後の展望に焦点をあてて概説した。一般に健康診断では問診、内科診察、心電図、胸部X線検査、血液検査等が行われ、二次検査の1つとして、心エコーが行われる。通常は 2D心エコーが行われることがほとんどであり、その有効性については異論がない。しかしながら、本来 3Dの心臓を平面で把握する 2D心 …
NAID 130003387863

OJ-193 Usefulness of Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography (3D-echo) in Evaluating Aortic Root Diameters : Comparison between 3D-echo and Two-dimensional Echocardiography (2D-echo)(OJ33,Echo/Doppler (New Technology) (I),Oral Presentation (Japanese),The 73rd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Japanese Circulation Society)

Izumi Chisato,Takahashi Shuichi,Hashiwada Sumiyo,Hayashi Hidetaka,Yamao Kazuya,Sakamoto Jirou,Hanazawa Kouji,Yoshitani Kazuyasu,Miyake Makoto,Motooka Makoto,Kaitani Kazuaki,Izumi Toshiaki,Hyon Hiromitsu,Nakagawa Yoshihisa,Yamanaka Kazuo
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 73(Supplement_I), 334, 2009-03-01
NAID 110007510563

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「リアルタイムドップラー断層心エコー法」
関連記事	「time」「real」「Doppler echocardiography」「dimension」「real time」