出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/06 15:19:29」(JST)
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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(RS)-N-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine
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| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a607037 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 96%[1] |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Biological half-life | 6 hours |
| Excretion | ? |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 90-34-6 Y |
| ATC code | P01BA03 (WHO) |
| PubChem | CID 4908 |
| DrugBank | DB01087 Y |
| ChemSpider | 4739 Y |
| UNII | MVR3634GX1 Y |
| KEGG | D08420 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8405 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL506 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C15H21N3O |
| Molar mass | 259.347 g/mol |
| Chirality | Racemic mixture |
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Primaquine (or primaquine phosphate) is a medication used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is a member of the 8-aminoquinoline group of drugs that includes tafenoquine and pamaquine.
Primaquine was first synthesised by Robert Elderfield of Columbia University in the 1940s.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3]
Primaquine is mainly used to treat P. vivax or P. ovale malaria, specifically to clear the dormant liver forms of these parasites (hypnozoites) once the parasite has been eliminated from the bloodstream. This requires a 14-day course of primaquine.[4] The process of clearing the hypnozoites is termed radical cure (as opposed to simply clearing the blood of parasites). If primaquine is not administered to patients with proven P. vivax or P. ovale infection, a very high likelihood of relapse exists for weeks or months (sometimes years). The interaction between primaquine and quinine or chloroquine is thought to improve the rate of radical cure.[5] Whether other antimalarials such as mefloquine are likewise able to potentiate the effect of primaquine is not known.
A single dose of primaquine has rapid and potent gametocytocidal activity against the most mature gametocytes (stage V) of P. falciparum, a property not held by other commonly used antimalarials which have actions against earlier gametocyte stages.[6] This leads to a rapid reduction in transmission, and primaquine given at the same time as treatment for the asexual blood stage P. falciparum is likely to be useful in controlling P. falciparum malaria in areas of low transmission. The WHO has recommended that a single dose of primaquine (0.25 mg/kg) is safe to give (even in individuals with G6PD deficiency), for the purpose of preventing transmission of P. falciparum malaria.[7]
Primaquine is not routinely used to prevent malaria in travelers, but can be used in individuals without G6PD deficiency when other alternatives are inappropriate.[8] In areas where vivax malaria is more prevalent than falciparum malaria, primaquine may be more effective than doxycycline or mefloquine.[9]
Primaquine is also used in the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a fungal infection commonly occurring in people with AIDS and, more rarely, in those taking immunosuppressive drugs. To treat PCP effectively, it is usually combined with clindamycin.
Common side effects of primaquine administration include nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. Other known adverse effects that occasionally occur are headache, visual disturbances, and intense itching.
The most dangerous adverse effect of primaquine is hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency (Africans or Caucasians of Mediterranean descent).[10] This is associated with the administration of large doses over several days and can be fatal, although the number of reports remains small.
Primaquine causes methemoglobinemia in all patients who take it (levels of up to 18% are reported, normal level is <1%), but this seldom causes symptoms and is always self-limiting.[11] There may be an association with NADH methemoglobin reductase deficiency.[12]
In broad terms, primaquine should not be administered to anyone with G6PD deficiency because a severe reaction can occur, resulting in hemolytic anemia.[10] However, the WHO has recommended that a single dose of primaquine (0.25 mg/kg) is safe to give even in individuals with G6PD deficiency, for the purpose of preventing transmission of P. falciparum malaria.[7]
Primaquine is contraindicated in pregnancy, because the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status of the fetus would be unknown.
The packaging label states that primaquine should not be given to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, but the rationale behind this is questionable.[8]
Primaquine doses are always expressed as base, not as salt (15 mg base=26.3 mg phosphate salt).
Primaquine was first tested on humans during the Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study in 1944. Primaquine was licensed for use in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration in 1952 and is available as a generic drug from a variety of manufacturers.
Primaquine is not licensed for use in the United Kingdom. It is available on a named patient basis only from certain pharmaceutical providers. Primaquine tablets available in the UK contain 7.5 mg primaquine base (13.2 mg phosphate salt). Primaquine tablets available in the US contain 15 mg base (26.3 mg phosphate salt).
Primaquine is the drug of choice for treating feline babesiosis.[13]
The adverse effects of primaquine were used as a major plot point in the M*A*S*H episode "The Red/White Blues". In the episode, Klinger and Goldman both develop primaquine-induced anemia after taking it to prevent malaria. This surprises the doctors as the effects, outside of those endured by black soldiers, were not known. Klinger, who is Lebanese, and Goldman, who is Jewish, are both of Mediterranean descent and it was later discovered that that plays a role in their issues with the medicine.
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| リンク元 | 「complete cure」「根治術」「根治」「radical operation」 |
| 関連記事 | 「cure」「curing」「radical」 |