WordNet

the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot

PrepTutorEJDIC

(一般にschoolに学ぶ)『生徒』;(個人指導を受けている)生徒,門下生,弟子
ひとみ,瞳孔(どうこう)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/26 15:30:20」(JST)

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Pupilla is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pupillidae.

The genus Pupilla is known from the Oligocene to the Recent period.^[2]

Distribution[edit]

This genus occurs in Europe, northern Africa and North America^[3]

Species[edit]

Pupilla has several subgenera.^{[citation needed]} Species within the genus Pupilla include:

subgenus Pupilla

Pupilla bigranata (Rossmässler 1839)^[3]
Pupilla blandi E. S. Morse, 1865 - Rocky Mountain column
Pupilla hebes (Ancey 1881) - crestless column
Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)^[3] - widespread column - type species
Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871)^[3]
Pupilla triplicata (Studer, 1820)^[3]

subgenus Gibbulinopsis

subgenus ?

Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837)^[3]
Pupilla annandalei Pilsbry^[4]
Pupilla calacharicus (Boettger, 1886)
Pupilla ficulnea (Tate, 1894)^[5]
Pupilla fontana (Krauss, 1848)
Pupilla khunjerabica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009^[4]
Pupilla loessica Ložek, 1954^[6]
Pupilla obliquicosta Smith, 1892 - extinct^[7]
Pupilla paraturcmenica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009^[4]
Pupilla pupula^[8]
Pupilla satparanica Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009^[4]
Pupilla signata (Mousson)^[4]
Pupilla sonorana (Sterki, 1899) - three-tooth column
Pupilla sterrii (Forster & Voith, 1840)^[3]
Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry, 1890) - top-heavy column
Pupilla tetrodus (Boettger, 1870)
Pupilla turcmenica (O. Boettger)^[4]
Pupilla ziaratana Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009^[4]

References[edit]

^ Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).
^ (Czech) Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.
^ Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
^ (Czech) Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.

English Journal

Decentration of Optical Zone Center and Its Impact on Visual Outcomes Following SMILE.

Liu M1, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Zheng H, Liu Q.
Cornea.Cornea.2015 Apr;34(4):392-7. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000383.
PURPOSE: To evaluate decentration from pupil center and corneal vertex normal following femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism.METHODS: This study evaluated 101 eyes of 101 patients with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -5.30 ±
PMID 25742387

Pupillometry as a glimpse into the neurochemical basis of human memory encoding.

Cohen Hoffing R1, Seitz AR.
Journal of cognitive neuroscience.J Cogn Neurosci.2015 Apr;27(4):765-74. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00749. Epub 2014 Nov 12.
Neurochemical systems are well studied in animal learning; however, ethical issues limit methodologies to explore these systems in humans. Pupillometry provides a glimpse into the brain's neurochemical systems, where pupil dynamics in monkeys have been linked with locus coeruleus (LC) activity, whic
PMID 25390194

Comparison of two isometric handgrip protocols on sympathetic arousal in women.

Nielsen SE1, Mather M2.
Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2015 Apr;142:5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.031. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
Isometric handgrip is commonly used in stress research because the task reliably increases sympathetic arousal. Various handgrip protocols have been used; they vary in handgrip strength, duration of grip, and the number of cycles of handgrip and rest. However, most protocols require the calibration
PMID 25637170

Japanese Journal

奄美諸島喜界島の砂丘より産出した完新世陸産貝類化石群集

藤江明雄
貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology 59(4), 317-324, 2000-12-31
… In particular, Cochlicopa lubrica and Pupilla (Gibbulinopsis) cryptodon, are now distributed chiefly in comparatively cool regions, such as the Japanese mainland, the Chinese Continent and the Korean Peninsula. …
NAID 110004773550

奄美諸島喜界島の古砂丘より産出した後期更新世陸産貝類化石群集

藤江明雄
貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology 59(2), 165-175, 2000-06-30
… In partiticular, among the species are Cochlicopa lubrica and Pupilla (Gibbulinopsis) cryptdon, which have become extinct on Kikaijima Island. …
NAID 110004773533

Oro-Facial Findings of a Patient with Rieger's Syndrome

野中和明,佐々木康成,松本敏秀,柳田憲一,渡辺善久,中田稔
The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 32(4), 889-896, 1994
… Three irregular pupilla, cloudy cornea and auricular septal defects.<BR>2. …
NAID 130004633055

Related Pictures

Pupilla pupilla si legge nella pupilla - Le Scienze Pupilla pupilla di una fine in su di una pupilla marrone Pupilla - Patikapédia Pupilla

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「瞳孔」

Pupilla; Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura; clade Panpulmonata; clade Eupulmonata; clade Stylommatophora; informal group Orthurethra
Superfamily:	Pupilloidea
Family:	Pupillidae
Genus:	Pupilla; Fleming, 1828

　　[★]

英: pupil, pupils
ラ: pupilla
関: 内眼筋

概念

瞳孔の大きさにより眼球に入る光の量を調節している。これには瞳孔散大筋(交感神経支配)と瞳孔括約筋(副交感神経)が関与している。

瞳孔の大きさ

正常：2.5-4.0 mm (SCN.111)
縮瞳：＜2.0 mm (SCN.111)
散瞳：＞5.0 mm (SCN.111)
瞳孔不同

年齢

瞳孔径は20歳代で最大となり、高齢になるにつれて小さくなっていく。

神経支配


瞳孔	支配	自律神経障害
散瞳(瞳孔散大筋)	交感神経(頚部)	副交感神経障害：Horner症候群：縮瞳、眼瞼下垂
縮瞳(瞳孔括約筋)	副交感神経(動眼神経)	交感神経障害　：動眼神経麻痺：散瞳、眼瞼下垂

臨床関連

散瞳

急性緑内障発作

縮瞳

輻輳反射

瞳孔異常

[1] Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).

[2] (Czech) Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.

[AB-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.

[Pokryszko_2009-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.

[5] Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.

[6] (Czech) Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.

[7] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.

[8] Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

pupilla