WordNet

an undulating curve (同)undulation
a persistent and widespread unusual weather condition (especially of unusual temperatures); "a heat wave"
set waves in; "she asked the hairdresser to wave her hair"
a movement like that of a sudden occurrence or increase in a specified phenomenon; "a wave of settlers"; "troops advancing in waves"
one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water) (同)moving ridge
(physics) a movement up and down or back and forth (同)undulation
the act of signaling by a movement of the hand (同)waving, wafture
a hairdo that creates undulations in the hair
something that rises rapidly; "a wave of emotion swept over him"; "there was a sudden wave of buying before the market closed"; "a wave of conservatism in the country led by the hard right"
of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary; "primary goals"; "a primary effect"; "primary sources"; "a primary interest"
a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen (同)primary_election
one of the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of a birds wing (同)primary feather, primary quill
(astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it
not derived from or reducible to something else; basic; "a primary instinct"
a member of the womens reserve of the United States Navy; originally organized during World War II but now no longer a separate branch

PrepTutorEJDIC

(前後左右・上下に)『揺れる』,ひらめく,ひらひらする / (波形に)『起伏する』,うねる / (手・旗などを振って)『合図する』,手を振る;(…のために,…に向かって)手を振る《+in(to, at)+名》 / (に向かって)‘…を'振る,揺り動かす,ひらめかす《+名+at+名》 / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》(手・旗などを振って)〈人〉‘に'『合図する』 / ‘…を'起伏させる,うねらせる:〈頭髪〉‘を'ウエーブさせる / 『波』,波浪 / (…の)『波のような動き』,うねり《+of+名》 / (感情・景気などの一時的な)高まり,強まり;(寒暑の)急激な波《+of+名》 / (手・旗などを)振ること,振ってする合図;(…を)振ること《+of+名》 / (髪の)縮れ,ウエーブ / (光・音・電気などの)波
『第一の』,『主要な』 / 『初期の』,『初等の』,初級の / 『根本的な』,基本的な,本来の,直接的な / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(回路・コイル・巻き・電流などが)一次の / 原色(三原色の一つ) / 《米》=primary election

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/15 04:23:37」(JST)

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Plane P-wave

Representation of the propagation of a P-wave on a 2D grid (empirical shape)

P-waves are a type of body wave, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. The continuum is made up of gases (as sound waves), liquids, or solids, including the Earth. P-waves can be produced by earthquakes and recorded by seismographs. The name P-wave can stand for either pressure wave as it is formed from alternating compressions and rarefactions or primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded.^[1]

In isotropic and homogeneous solids, the mode of propagation of a P-wave is always longitudinal; thus, the particles in the solid vibrate along the axis of propagation (the direction of motion) of the wave energy.

Velocity

The velocity of P-waves in a homogeneous isotropic medium is given by

where K is the bulk modulus (the modulus of incompressibility), is the shear modulus (modulus of rigidity, sometimes denoted as G and also called the second Lamé parameter), is the density of the material through which the wave propagates, and is the first Lamé parameter.

Of these, density shows the least variation, so the velocity is mostly controlled by K and μ.

The elastic moduli P-wave modulus, , is defined so that and thereby

Typical values for P-wave velocity in earthquakes are in the range 5 to 8 km/s.^[2] The precise speed varies according to the region of the Earth's interior, from less than 6 km/s in the Earth's crust to 13 km/s through the core.^[3]

Velocity of Common Rock Types^[4]
Rocktype	Velocity [m/s]	Velocity [ft/s]
Unconsolidated Sandstone	4600 - 5200	15000 - 17000
Consolidated Sandstone	5800	19000
Shale	1800 - 4900	6000 -16000
Limestone	5800 - 6400	19000 - 21000
Dolomite	6400 - 7300	21000 - 24000
Anhydrite	6100	20000
Granite	5800 - 6100	19000 - 20000
Gabbro	7200	23600

Geologist Francis Birch discovered a relationship between the velocity of P waves and the density of the material the waves are traveling in:

.

Which later became known as Birch's law.

Seismic waves in the Earth

Velocity of seismic waves in the Earth versus depth.^[5] The negligible S-wave velocity in the outer core occurs because it is liquid, while in the solid inner core the S-wave velocity is non-zero.

Primary and secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P-type and S-type in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior structure of the Earth. Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake as a result of waves taking different paths allow mapping of the Earth's inner structure.^[6]^[7]

P-wave shadow zone

P-wave shadow zone (from USGS)

Almost all the information available on the structure of the Earth's deep interior is derived from observations of the travel times, reflections, refractions and phase transitions of seismic body waves, or normal modes. Body waves travel through the fluid layers of the Earth's interior, and yet P-waves are refracted slightly when they pass through the transition between the semisolid mantle and the liquid outer core. As a result, there is a P-wave "shadow zone" between 103° and 142°^[8] from the earthquake's focus, where the initial P-waves are not registered on seismometers. In contrast, S-waves do not travel through liquids, rather, they are attenuated.

As an earthquake warning

Earthquake advance warning is possible by detecting the non-destructive primary waves that travel more quickly through the Earth's crust than do the destructive secondary and Rayleigh waves, in the same way that lightning flashes reach our eyes before we hear the thunder during a storm. The amount of advance warning depends on the delay between the arrival of the P-wave and other destructive waves, generally on the order of seconds up to about 60–90 seconds for deep, distant, large quakes such as Tokyo would have received before the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. The effectiveness of advance warning depends on accurate detection of the P-waves and rejection of ground vibrations caused by local activity (such as trucks or construction) as otherwise false-positive warnings will result. Earthquake Early Warning systems can be automated to allow for immediate safety actions such as issuing alerts, stopping elevators at the nearest floors or switching gas utilities off.

References

^ Milsom, J. (2003). Field Geophysics. The geological field guide series 25. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-470-84347-5. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ "Speed of Sound through the Earth". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
^ "Seismographs - Keeping Track of Earthquakes". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
^ "Acoustic Logging". epa.gov. 2011-12-12. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
^ GR Helffrich & BJ Wood (2002). "The Earth's Mantle" (PDF). Nature (Macmillan Magazines) 412 (2 August): 501; Figure 1. doi:10.1038/35087500.
^ Justin L Rubinstein, DR Shelly & WL Ellsworth (2009). "Non-volcanic tremor: A window into the roots of fault zones". In S. Cloetingh, Jorg Negendank. New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences. Springer. p. 287 ff. ISBN 90-481-2736-X. The analysis of seismic waves provides a direct high-resolution means for studying the internal structure of the Earth...
^ CMR Fowler (2005). "§4.1 Waves through the Earth". The solid earth: an introduction to global geophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-521-58409-4. Seismology is the study of the passage of elastic waves through the Earth. It is arguably the most powerful method available for studying the structure of the interior of the Earth, especially the crust and mantle.
^ Lowrie, William. The Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 149.

"Photo Glossary of Earthquakes". U.S. Geological Survey". Retrieved March 8, 2009.

External links

Animation of a P-Wave
P-Wave velocity calculator
Purdue's catalog of animated illustrations of seismic waves
Animations illustrating simple wave propagation concepts by Jeffrey S. Barker
Detection of P-waves and Rejection of Environmental Noise for Accurate Earthquake Early Warning

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「一次波」
関連記事	「primary」「wave」

「一次波」

　　[★]

英: primary wave, incident wave(動脈圧波形)

「primary」

　　[★]

adj.

一次の、第一次の、主要な、(化学)第一級の、一級の、初生の、(病名)原発性の、原発の、プライマリーの

関: cardinal、chief、first-order、foremost、main、mainly、major、master、primarily、principal、principally

「wave」

　　[★]

n.

波、波動

[John-1] Milsom, J. (2003). Field Geophysics. The geological field guide series 25. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-470-84347-5. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

[2] "Speed of Sound through the Earth". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2011-12-14.

[3] "Seismographs - Keeping Track of Earthquakes". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2011-12-14.

[4] "Acoustic Logging". epa.gov. 2011-12-12. Retrieved 2015-02-03.

[Helffrich-5] GR Helffrich & BJ Wood (2002). "The Earth's Mantle" (PDF). Nature (Macmillan Magazines) 412 (2 August): 501; Figure 1. doi:10.1038/35087500.

[Negendank-6] Justin L Rubinstein, DR Shelly & WL Ellsworth (2009). "Non-volcanic tremor: A window into the roots of fault zones". In S. Cloetingh, Jorg Negendank. New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences. Springer. p. 287 ff. ISBN 90-481-2736-X. The analysis of seismic waves provides a direct high-resolution means for studying the internal structure of the Earth...

[Fowler-7] CMR Fowler (2005). "§4.1 Waves through the Earth". The solid earth: an introduction to global geophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-521-58409-4. Seismology is the study of the passage of elastic waves through the Earth. It is arguably the most powerful method available for studying the structure of the interior of the Earth, especially the crust and mantle.

[8] Lowrie, William. The Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 149.

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