post-term infant

過期産児

WordNet

1. ride Western style and bob up and down in the saddle in rhythm with a horses trotting gait
2. an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position; "he set a row of posts in the ground and strung barbwire between them"
3. the delivery and collection of letters and packages; "it came by the first post"; "if you hurry youll catch the post"
4. a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track); "a pair of posts marked the goal"; "the corner of the lot was indicated by a stake" (同)stake
5. the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand; "a soldier manned the entrance post"; "a sentry station" (同)station
6. mark or expose as infamous; "She was branded a loose woman" (同)brand
7. transfer (entries) from one account book to another (同)carry
8. place so as to be noticed; "post a sign"; "post a warning at the dump" (同)put_up
9. affix in a public place or for public notice; "post a warning"
10. assign to a post; put into a post; "The newspaper posted him in Timbuktu"
11. display, as of records in sports games
12. enter on a public list
13. publicize with, or as if with, a poster; "Ill post the news on the bulletin board"
14. name formally or designate with a term
15. the end of gestation or point at which birth is imminent; "a healthy baby born at full term" (同)full term
16. a limited period of time; "a prison term"; "he left school before the end of term"
17. a word or expression used for some particular thing; "he learned many medical terms"
18. any distinct quantity contained in a polynomial; "the general term of an algebraic equation of the n-th degree"
19. one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
20. United States manufacturer of breakfast cereals and Postum (1854-1914) (同)C. W. Post, Charles William Post
21. United States female author who wrote a book and a syndicated newspaper column on etiquette (1872-1960) (同)Emily Post, Emily Price Post
22. United States aviator who in 1933 made the first solo flight around the world (1899-1935) (同)Wiley Post
23. (bookkeeping) a listing on the companys records; "the posting was made in the cash account"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(木・金属・石などの)『柱』,『支柱』,くい / 《the ~》(競馬の)出発標,決勝標 / 〈C〉《話》(ラグビーなどの)ゴールポスト(goalpost) / (柱・壁などに)〈掲示物〉‘を'『張る』,張り出す《+『名』〈掲示物〉+『on』+『名』》;(掲示物を)〈柱・壁など〉‘に'張る《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈掲示物〉》 / (掲示して)…‘を'公表する,公示する / 《通例受動態で》(…として)…‘を'掲示(発表)する《+『名』+『as』+『現分』(過分)》
2. (兵士・警官・看護婦などの)『部署』,『持ち場』 / (軍隊の)駐屯(ちゅうとん)地,駐留地,兵営地 / (指名・任命された)『地位』,職 / (またtrading post)(未開地などの)交易所 / 〈兵士・警官・看護婦など〉‘を'配置する / 《通例受動態で》《おもに英》(…に)〈人〉‘を'任命する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
3. 〈U〉《おもに英》『郵便』[制度] / 《おもに英》《単数形で》(郵便物の1回の)『集配』,『配達』,便;(1回で集配・配達される)郵便物(《米》mail) / 《the ~》《おもに英》郵便局(post office);ポスト,郵便箱(《米》mailbox) / 〈C〉(昔,郵便物の中断所にした)駅,宿,宿場 / 《おもに英》〈郵便物〉‘を'郵便局に出す,ポストに入れる(《米》mail)《+『off』+『名』+『,』『名』+『off』》 / 《『post』+『名』〈間〉〈人〉+『名』〈直〉=『post』+『名』+『to』+『名』〈人〉》〈人〉‘に'〈手紙など〉‘を'郵便で送る(《米》mail)
4. 〈C〉『専門用語』,術語 / 〈C〉(一般に)語[句],言葉 / 《複数形で》言い道,言飯遣い / 〈C〉『期間』 / 〈C〉〈U〉『学期』 / 《複数形で》(人との)間柄,仲《+with+名》 / 《複数形で》(協定などの)『条件』;要求額,値段 / 〈C〉(数式で)項 / 《term+名〈目〉+名(形)〈補〉》(…と)…‘を'名づける,呼ぶ
5. 《おもに英》(特に軍職に)任命すること
6. (1歳未満の)『乳児』,乳飲み子 / 《英》(普通7歳未満の)学童 / 未成年者 / 幼児の,幼児用の / 始めたばかりの,初期の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/19 09:05:03」(JST)

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Postterm pregnancy
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	O48, P08.2
ICD-9	766.22
DiseasesDB	10417
eMedicine	med/3248
MeSH	D007233

Postmaturity is the condition of a baby that has not yet been born after 42 weeks of gestation, two weeks beyond the normal 40. Post-term, postmaturity, prolonged pregnancy, and post-dates pregnancy all refer to postmature birth. Post-mature births can carry risks for both the mother and the infant, including fetal malnutrition. After the 42nd week of gestation, the placenta, which supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen from the mother, starts aging and will eventually fail. If the fetus passes fecal matter, which is not typical until after birth, and the child breathes it in, then the baby could become sick with pneumonia. Postterm pregnancy may be a reason to induce labor.

Causes

The causes of post-term births are unknown, but post-mature births are more likely when the mother has experienced a previous post-mature birth. Due dates are easily miscalculated when the mother is unsure of her last menstrual period. When there is a miscalculation, the baby could be delivered before or after the expected due date. Post-mature births can also be attributed to irregular menstrual cycles. When the menstrual period is irregular it is very difficult to judge how and when the ovaries would be available for fertilization and subsequently result in pregnancy. Some post-mature pregnancies are because the mother is not certain of her last period, so in reality the baby is not technically post-mature. However in most first world countries where gestation is measured by ultrasound scan technology, this is less likely.

Symptoms

Different babies will show different symptoms of postmaturity. The most commons symptoms are dry skin, overgrown nails, creases on the baby's palms and soles of their feet, minimal fat, a lot of hair on their head, and either a brown, green, or yellow discoloration of their skin. Doctors diagnose post-mature birth based on the baby's physical appearance and the length of the mother's pregnancy. Some postmature babies will show no or little sign of postmaturity.

Complications

Fetal and Neonatal Risks

• Reduced placental perfusion—Once a pregnancy has surpassed the 40 week gestation period, doctors closely monitor the mother for signs of placental deterioration. Towards the end of pregnancy calcium is deposited on the walls of blood vessels and proteins are deposited on the surface of the placenta, which changes the placenta. This limits the blood flow through the placenta and ultimately leads to placental insufficiency and the baby is no longer properly nourished. Induced labor is strongly encouraged if this happens^{[citation needed]}.
• Oligohydramnios
• Meconium aspiration

Maternal Risks

• Large for gestational age:
• Increased incidence of forceps assisted, vacuum assisted or cesarean birth—Post-term babies may be larger than an average baby, thus increasing the length of labor. The labor is increased because the baby's head is too big to pass through the mother's pelvis. This is called cephalopelvic disproportion. Caesarean sections are encouraged if this happens. When post-mature babies are larger than average, forceps or vacuum delivery may be used to resolve the difficulties at the delivery time. Difficulty in delivering the shoulders, shoulder dystocia, becomes an increased risk.
• Increased psychological stress
• Probable labour induction

Methods of monitoring post-mature babies

Once a baby is diagnosed post-mature, the mother should be offered additional monitoring as this can provide valuable clues that the baby's health is being maintained.

Fetal movement recording

Regular movements of the baby is the best sign indicating that it is still in good health. The mother should keep a "kick-chart" to record the movements of her baby. Less than 10 movements in 2 hours is not a good sign and a doctor should be contacted. If there is a reduction in the number of movements it could indicate placental deterioration.

Electronic fetal monitoring

Electronic fetal monitoring uses a cardiotocograph to check the baby's heartbeat and is typically monitored over a 30-minute period. If the heartbeat proves to be normal the doctor will not usually suggest induced labor.

Ultrasound scan

An ultrasound scan evaluates the amount of amniotic fluid around the baby. If the placenta is deteriorating, then the amount of fluid will be low and induced labor is highly recommended. However, ultra sounds are not always accurate since they also monitor the fetus's development and if the fetus is smaller than normal the doctors guess at the age can be quite off. The actual placenta won't start to deteriorate until about 48 weeks^{[citation needed]}. The reason why doctors favour induction by 42 weeks is because of the risks that are present.

Biophysical profile

A biophysical profile checks for the baby's heart rate, muscle tone, movement, breathing, and the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby.

Doppler flow study

Doppler flow study is a type of ultrasound that measures the amount of blood flowing in and out of the placenta.

Expectant Management

A woman who has reached 42 weeks of pregnancy is likely to be offered induction of labour. Alternatively, she can choose expectant management, that is, she waits for the onset of labour naturally. Women opting for expectant management, may also choose to carry on with additional monitoring of their baby, with regular CTG, ultrasound and biophysical profile. There is anecdotal evidence online of "10 month mamas" and women choosing to wait to 43 weeks and 44 weeks of pregnancy. Risks of expectant management vary between studies.

Inducing labor

Main article: Labor induction

Inducing labor is artificially starting the labor process by using medication and other techniques. Labor is usually only induced if there is potential harm on the mother or child. There are several reasons for labor induction; the mother's water breaks and contractions have not started, the child is post-mature, the mother has diabetes or high blood pressure, or there is not enough amniotic fluid around the baby. Labor induction is not always the best choice because it has its own risks. Sometimes mothers will request to be induced for reasons that are not medical. This is called an elective induction. Doctors try to avoid inducing labor unless it is completely necessary.

Procedure

There are four common methods of starting contractions. The four most common are stripping the membranes, breaking the mother's water, giving the hormone prostaglandin, and giving the synthetic hormone pitocin. Stripping the membranes doesn't work for all women, but can for most^{[citation needed]}. A doctor inserts a finger into the mother's cervix and moves it around to separate the membrane connecting the amniotic sac, which houses the baby, from the walls of the uterus. Once this membrane is stripped the hormone prostaglandin is naturally released into the mother's body and starts the contractions. Most of the time doing this only once will not immediately start labor. It may have to be done several times before the stimulant hormone is released and contractions start. The next method is breaking the mother's water, which is also referred to as an amniotomy. The doctor uses a plastic hook to break the membrane and rupture the amniotic sac. Within few hours labor usually begins. Giving the hormone prostagladin ripens the cervix, meaning the cervix softens, thins out, or dilates. The drug Cervidil is administered by mouth in tablet form or in gel form as an insert. This is most often done in the hospital overnight. The hormone oxytocin is usually given in the synthetic form of Pitocin. It is administered through an IV throughout the labor process. This hormone stimulates contractions. Pitocin is also used to "restart" labor when it's lagging.

The use of misoprostol is also allowed, but close monitoring of the mother is required.

What it feels like

• Stripping the membranes: Stripping the membranes only takes a few minutes and causes a few intense cramps. Many women report a feeling similar to urination, others report it to be quite painful.
• Breaking the water: Having one's water broken feels like a slight tug and then a warm flow of liquid.
• Pitocin: When the synthetic hormone, pitocin, is used, contractions occur more frequently than a natural occurring birth; they are also more intense. Pitocin doesn't have the natural effects of stress relief that the naturally occurring hormone, oxytocin, does^{[citation needed]}.

Notes

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• Provenzi L1, Giusti L2, Fumagalli M3, Tasca H2, Ciceri F4, Menozzi G5, Mosca F3, Morandi F6, Borgatti R7, Montirosso R2.
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• Dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for treating gestational diabetes.

• Brown J1, Crawford TJ, Alsweiler J, Crowther CA.
• The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2016 Sep 7;9:CD012048. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is any degree of glucose intolerance that first presents and is recognised during pregnancy and usually resolves after the birth of the baby. GDM is associated with increased short- and long-term morbidity for the mother and her baby. Treatment usually
• PMID 27602537

Related Links

• Post-term infant | definition of post-term infant by Medical ...

post-term infant (pōst′tûrm′) n. An infant born after the 42nd week of gestation. ... What we're saying is maybe the real due date for whites is a week later, and this will almost certainly have implications for the post-term infant," he ...

• Post-term infant | Define Post-term infant at Dictionary.com

post-term infant (pōst'tûrm') n. An infant born after the 42nd week of gestation.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「過期産児」
関連記事	「post」「term」

「過期産児」

　　[★]

英

post-term infant

同

過熟児 post-mature infant

• 分娩予定日を著しく超過して出生した新生児

「post」

　　[★]

• comb form.

• ポスト、後

• v.

• ポストする

関

after、afterward、afterwards、behind、following、late、posterior、subsequent

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「term」

　　[★]

• n.

• 期間、用語

• v.

• 名付ける

関

designate、duration、name、period、time