WordNet

continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.); "He survived the cancer against all odds" (同)pull through, pull round, come through, make it
continue to live through hardship or adversity; "We went without water and food for 3 days"; "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America"; "The race car driver lived through several very serious accidents"; "how long can a person last without food and water?" (同)last, live, live on, go, endure, hold_up, hold_out
(law) the determination of a persons innocence or guilt by due process of law; "he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty"; "most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial"
trying something to find out about it; "a sample for ten days free trial"; "a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain" (同)trial_run, test, tryout
an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event; "his mother-in-laws visits were a great trial for him"; "life is full of tribulations"; "a visitation of the plague" (同)tribulation, visitation
(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications; "the trials for the semifinals began yesterday"
someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight (同)airplane pilot
a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor
the occupation of a pilot (同)pilotage

PrepTutorEJDIC

…の後まで生きる, …より長生きする; 助かる; 耐える・生き残る; 残存する
〈U〉〈C〉『裁判』,公判,審理 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『試験』,ためし《+of+名》 / 〈C〉企て,試み;努力 / 〈C〉(忍耐・徳・信仰などをためす)試練,苦難 / 〈C〉困りもの,迷惑な(やっかいな)人(もの)
『水先案内人』舵手(たしゅ) / (飛行機の)『パイロット』,操縦士 / 案内人,先導者(leader) / =pilot light / 試験的な,実験的な,予備的な / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈船〉‘の'『水先案内をする』 / 〈飛行機〉‘を'操縦する;〈船〉‘の'かじを取る / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》(|に向けて)〈人〉‘を'案内する,導く

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/27 23:19:55」(JST)

wiki en

A pilot study, pilot project or pilot experiment is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and effect size (statistical variability) in an attempt to predict an appropriate sample size and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.^[1] Pilot studies, therefore, may not be appropriate for case studies.

Implementation of pilot studies

Pilot experiments are frequently carried out before large-scale quantitative research, in an attempt to avoid time and money being wasted on an inadequately designed project. A pilot study is usually carried out on members of the relevant population, but not on those who will form part of the final sample. This is because it may influence the later behaviour of research subjects if they have already been involved in the research.^[2]

A pilot experiment/study is often used to test the design of the full-scale experiment which then can be adjusted. It is a potentially valuable insight and should anything be missing in the pilot study it can be added to the full-scale (and more expensive) experiment to improve the chances of a clear outcome.

Engineering applications

Often in engineering applications, pilot experiments are used to sell a product and provide quantitative proof that the system has potential to succeed on a full-scale basis. Pilot experiments are also used to reduce cost, as they are less expensive than full experiments. If there is not enough reason to provide full scale applications, pilot studies can generally provide this proof.

Other applications

In sociology, pilot studies can be referred to as small-scale studies that will help identify design issues before the main research is done.

Although pilot experiments have a well-established tradition in public action, their usefulness as a strategy for change has been questioned, at least in the domain of environmental management.^[3] It is argued that extrapolation from a pilot study to large scale environmental strategy cannot be assumed to be possible, partly due to the exceptional resources and favourable conditions that often accompany a pilot study.

References

^ Hulley, Stephen B. Designing Clinical Research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, p.168-169.
^ Haralambos and Holborn (2000); p.998
^ Billé, R. (2010) “Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management.”. S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (1)

Haralambos, M.; M. Holborn (2000). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers.
van Teijlingen, E. R; V. Hundley (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social research UPDATE, (35).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 待機的経皮的冠動脈インターベンションのための抗血栓療法：臨床研究 antithrombotic therapy for elective percutaneous coronary intervention clinical studies
2. HDLコレステロール：異常値の臨床的側面 hdl cholesterol clinical aspects of abnormal values
3. 心血管疾患または糖尿病患者におけるコレステロール低下に関する臨床試験 clinical trials of cholesterol lowering in patients with cardiovascular disease or diabetes
4. 高齢者における高血圧、特に収縮期高血圧の治療 treatment of hypertension in the elderly patient particularly isolated systolic hypertension
5. ST上昇型心筋梗塞における血栓溶解療法の特性および臨床試験 characteristics of fibrinolytic thrombolytic agents and clinical trials in acute st elevation myocardial infarction

English Journal

Improving home-based providers' communication to primary care providers to enhance care coordination.

Gum AM1, Dautovich ND, Greene J, Hirsch A, Schonfeld L.
Aging & mental health.Aging Ment Health.2015 Oct;19(10):921-31. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2014.977772. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
OBJECTIVES: Health care system fragmentation is a pervasive problem. Research has not delineated concrete behavioral strategies to guide providers to communicate with personnel in other organizations to coordinate care. We addressed this gap within a particular context: home-based providers deliveri
PMID 25401276

Imagery Rescripting as stand-alone treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse.

Raabe S1, Ehring T2, Marquenie L3, Olff M4, Kindt M5.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2015 Sep;48:170-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.013. Epub 2015 Apr 4.
OBJECTIVE: This case series tested the feasibility and explored the efficacy of Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) as a stand-alone treatment for PTSD related to childhood physical and/or sexual abuse (CA).METHOD: Participants (6 women and 2 men) were patients with PTSD related to CA who entered an 8 week t
PMID 25898289

Diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley depression tool in older adults in UK primary care.

Bosanquet K1, Mitchell N2, Gabe R2, Lewis H2, McMillan D3, Ekers D4, Bailey D2, Gilbody S3.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2015 Aug 15;182:39-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.020. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH: To validate the Whooley questions as a screening tool for depression amongst a population of older adults in UK primary care.OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of the Whooley questions as a screening tool for depression amongst older adults in UK primary care.PARTIC
PMID 25969415

Japanese Journal

Polymer optical fiber tapering without the use of external heat source and its application to refractive index sensing

Ujihara Hiroki,Hayashi Neisei,Minakawa Kazunari,Tabaru Marie,Mizuno Yosuke,Nakamura Kentaro
Appl. Phys. Express 8(7), 072501, 2015-06-10
… We perform a pilot trial of the highly convenient taper fabrication of perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fibers. …
NAID 150000110873

Difference in Clinical Effect between Deep and Superficial Acupuncture Needle Insertion for Neck-shoulder Pain : a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Pilot Study

NAKAJIMA Miwa,INOUE Motohiro,ITOI Megumi [他]
日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japanese Society of Balneology, Climatology and Physical Medicine 78(3), 216-227, 2015-05
NAID 40020477843

CD34陽性細胞移植による血管・組織の再生治療

藤田靖之,木下愼,川本篤彦
日本小児循環器学会雑誌 31(3), 80-87, 2015
CD34は様々な体性幹細胞の表面マーカであり，骨髄由来の造血幹細胞／血管内皮前駆細胞，骨格筋衛星細胞，毛包幹細胞，脂肪組織間葉系幹細胞などに発現している．骨髄または顆粒球コロニー刺激因子（granulocyte colony stimulating factor: GCSF）動員CD34陽性細胞を用いた血管再生療法は，慢性重症下肢虚血，治療抵抗性狭心症，急性心筋梗塞，拡張型心筋症など様々な心血管疾 …
NAID 130005074636

「survive」

　　[★]

vt.

(～より)長生きする、生き残る。(災害・事故などを)切り抜けて生き残る、(～から)助かる、生き延びる、生き抜く

The findings of this pilot trial suggest that a lower cooling level may be associated with a better outcome

in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest secondary to a shockable rhythm.(この試験の結果はより低い水準の冷却は、ショック可能なリズムに続発する病院外心臓停止から生き残っている患者における良好な転帰と関係があるのかもしれないことを示唆している。)

vi

生きながらえる、生き残る。残存する、生き残っている。

関: exist、living、relic、remain、survival

「secondary to」

　　[★] ～の次の、～に続発する

The findings of this pilot trial suggest that a lower cooling level may be associated with a better outcome

in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest secondary to a shockable rhythm.(この試験の結果はより低い水準の冷却は、ショック可能なリズムに続発する病院外心臓停止から生き残っている患者における良好な転帰と関係があるのかもしれないことを示唆している。)