WordNet

place at intervals; "Space the interviews so that you have some time between the different candidates"
an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); "the architect left space in front of the building"; "they stopped at an open space in the jungle"; "the space between his teeth"
the unlimited expanse in which everything is located; "they tested his ability to locate objects in space"; "the boundless regions of the infinite" (同)infinite
a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet" (同)blank
a blank area; "write your name in the space provided" (同)blank space, place
an area reserved for some particular purpose; "the laboratorys floor space"
one of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff; "the spaces are the notes F-A-C-E"
the time between occurrences of a repeating event; "some women do not control the spacing of their children"
the property possessed by an array of things that have space between them (同)spatial_arrangement
arranged with spaces between; often used as a combining form; "widely spaced eyes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『空間』,広がり / 〈U〉『宇宙』,地球の大気圏外(outer space) / 〈C〉〈U〉『間隔』,距離;《しばしば複数形で》空地 / 〈C〉(特定目的のための)『場所』 / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》時間 / 〈C〉〈U〉スペース,余白,余地 / 〈C〉線間(譜表において五線の間の部分) / …‘を'間隔をおいて配置する《+『out』+『名,』+『名』+『out』》
スペースをあけること,間隔をとること / (印刷された行・語・文の)スペース,間隔
鉱泉,温泉 / 温泉場

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/06 15:58:51」(JST)

wiki en

A nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope,^[1] nucleolemma^[2] or karyotheca,^[3] is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayers—the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is usually about 20–40 nm wide.^[4]^[5]

The nuclear membrane has many small holes called nuclear pores that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.

Outer membrane

The outer nuclear membrane also shares a common border with endoplasmic reticulum.^[6] While it is physically linked, the outer nuclear membrane contains proteins found in far higher concentrations than the endoplasmic reticulum.^[7]

Inner membrane

The inner nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm, and is covered by the nuclear lamina, a mesh of intermediate filaments which stabilizes the nuclear membrane as well as being involved in chromatin function and entire expression.^[7] It is connected to the outer membrane by nuclear pores which penetrate the membranes. While the two membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum are linked, proteins embedded in the membranes tend to stay put rather than dispersing across the continuum.^[8]

Nuclear pores

The nuclear membrane is punctured by thousands of nuclear pore complexes—large hollow proteins about 100 nm across, with an inner channel about 40 nm wide.^[7] They link the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

Cell division

During the G2 phase of interphase, the nuclear membrane increases its surface area and doubles its number of nuclear pore complexes.^[7]
In lower eukaryotes, such as yeast, which undergo closed mitosis, the nuclear membrane stays intact during cell division. The spindle fibers either form within the membrane, or penetrate it without tearing it apart.^[7]
In higher eukaryotes (animals), as well as plants, the nuclear membrane must break down during the prometaphase state of mitosis to allow the mitotic spindle fibers to access the chromosomes inside. The breakdown and reformation processes are not well understood.

Breakdown

In mammals, the nuclear membrane can break down within minutes, following a set of steps during the early stages of Mitosis.
First, M-Cdk's phosphorylate nucleoporin polypeptides and they are selectively removed from the nuclear pore complexes. After that, the rest of the nuclear pore complexes break apart simultaneously. Biochemical evidence suggests that the nuclear pore complexes disassemble into stable pieces rather than disintegrating into small polypeptide fragments.^[7] M-Cdk's also phosphorylate elements of the nuclear lamina (the framework that supports the envelope) leading to the dis-assembly of the lamina and hence the envelope membranes into small vesicles. ^[9]
Electron and fluorescence microscopy has given strong evidence that the nuclear membrane is absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum—nuclear proteins not normally found in the endoplasmic reticulum show up during mitosis.^[7]

Reformation

Exactly how the nuclear membrane reforms during telophase of mitosis is debated. Two theories exist^[7]—

Vesicle fusion—where vesicles of nuclear membrane fuse together to rebuild the nuclear membrane
Reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum—where the parts of the endoplasmic reticulum containing the absorbed nuclear membrane envelop the nuclear space, reforming a closed membrane.

References

^ Georgia State University. "Cell Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope". gsu.edu.
^ "Nuclear membrane". Biology Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "nuclear membrane". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "Perinuclear space". Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ Berrios, Miguel, ed. (1998). Nuclear structure and function. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780125641555.
^ "Chloride channels in the Nuclear membrane" (PDF). Harvard.edu. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hetzer, Mertin (February 3, 2010). "The Nuclear Envelope". National Center for Biotechnology Information 2 (3): a000539. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000539. PMC 2829960. PMID 20300205. CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
^ "The inner nuclear membrane: simple, or very complex?". The EMBO Journal 20 (12). April 19, 2001. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.2989. PMC 150211. PMID 11406575. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ Alberts (et al) (2008). "Chapter 17: The Cell Cycle". Molecular Biology of The Cell (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. pp. 1079–1080. ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2.

External links

Histology image: 20102loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Animations of nuclear pores and transport through the nuclear envelope
Illustrations of nuclear pores and transport through the nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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