WordNet

a sudden uncontrollable attack; "a paroxysm of giggling"; "a fit of coughing"; "convulsions of laughter" (同)fit, convulsion
of or relating to or occurring in the night; "nocturnal darkness"
belonging to or active during the night; "nocturnal animals are active at night"; "nocturnal plants have flowers that open at night and close by day"
accompanied by or of the nature of paroxysms
difficult or labored respiration (同)dyspnoea

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(病気の周期的な)発作《+『of』+『名』》 / (感情・行動などの)激発,発作的行動《+『of』+『名』》
夜の,夜間の;夜に起こる / (動物が)夜行性の / (植物が)夜咲きの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/25 09:58:58」(JST)

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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea or Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (or PND) refers to attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night.^[1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening.^[2] Though simple orthopnea may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dependent (legs dangling),^[3] in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, coughing and wheezing often persist even in this position.

Causes

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea will be caused in part by the depression of the respiratory center during sleep, which may reduce arterial oxygen tension, particularly in patients with interstitial lung disease and reduced pulmonary compliance. Also, in the horizontal position there is redistribution of blood volume from the lower extremities and splanchnic beds to the lungs (orthopnea). In normal individuals this has little effect, but in patients in whom the additional volume cannot be pumped out by the left ventricle because of disease, there is a significant reduction in vital capacity and pulmonary compliance with resultant shortness of breath. Additionally, in patients with congestive heart failure the pulmonary circulation may already be overloaded because the failing left ventricle is suddenly unable to match the output of a more normally functioning right ventricle; causing pulmonary congestion. It is also important to note that left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure. Pulmonary congestion decreases when the patient assumes a more erect position, and this is accompanied by an improvement in symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea depends on the underlying cause. Options often include oxygen, diuretics, heart medications, antihypertensives, and bronchodilators to reverse wheezing.

References

^ Charles Pollak; Michael J. Thorpy; Jan Yager (2009). The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Infobase Publishing. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2577-0. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (1 March 2007). Nursing: Interpreting signs & symptoms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 469–. ISBN 978-1-58255-668-0. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Allen R. Myers (2005). NMS Medicine, 5e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 3–tttg. ISBN 978-0-7817-5468-2. Retrieved 16 December 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 心不全が疑われる患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with suspected heart failure
2. 拡張期心不全の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of diastolic heart failure
3. 心不全における睡眠時呼吸障害 sleep disordered breathing in heart failure
4. Determining the etiology and severity of heart failure or cardiomyopathy
5. 救急外来における呼吸困難の成人の評価 evaluation of the adult with dyspnea in the emergency department

English Journal

[Development of biventricular large apical thrombi and cerebral embolism in a young woman with peripartum cardiomyopathy].

Koç M, Sahin DY, Tekin K, Caylı M.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey. mevlutkoc78@yahoo.com
Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği arşivi : Türk Kardiyoloji Derneğinin yayın organıdır.Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars.2011 Oct;39(7):591-4. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2011.01534.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare cardiac disorder. Although left ventricular apical thrombus formation is common in peripartum cardiomyopathy, biventricular apical thrombi formation is a very rare condition in these patients. A 21-year-old woman presented with complaints of dyspnea, orthopnea, pa
PMID 21983772

Japanese Journal

Prognostic Value of Selected Presenting Features of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Predicting In-Hospital Adverse Events: Insight from the Thai Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry

Chaowalit Nithima,Yipintsoi Tada,Tresukosol Damras,Kanjanavanit Rungsrit,Kiatchoosakun Songsak,Representing the Thai Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry
Internal Medicine 48(9), 639-646, 2009
… Background Patients with ACS may present with dyspnea, shock and/or cardiac arrest with or without accompanying chest pain. … Cardiac dyspnea included shortness of breath on exertion, and/or at rest, orthopnea, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea presumed from cardiac sources. … Results Cardiac dyspnea, shock and post cardiac arrest were seen in 32.7%, 9.3%, and 4.2% of patients, respectively. …
NAID 130000122477

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「発作性夜間呼吸困難」「cardiac asthma」「paroxysmal dyspnea」「夜間発作性呼吸困難」「PND」
関連記事	「paroxysm」「nocturnal」「paroxysmal」