WordNet

of your secondary field of academic concentration or specialization
limited in size or scope; "a small business"; "a newspaper with a modest circulation"; "small-scale plans"; "a pocket-size country" (同)modest, small, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized
not of legal age; "minor children" (同)nonaged, underage
warranting only temporal punishment; "venial sin" (同)venial
inferior in number or size or amount; "a minor share of the profits"; "Ursa Minor"
lesser in scope or effect; "had minor differences"; "a minor disturbance"
of a scale or mode; "the minor keys"; "in B flat minor"
of lesser importance or stature or rank; "a minor poet"; "had a minor part in the play"; "a minor official"; "many of these hardy adventurers were minor noblemen"; "minor back roads"
of lesser seriousness or danger; "suffered only minor injuries"; "some minor flooding"; "a minor tropical disturbance"
of the younger of two boys with the same family name; "Jones minor"
(botany) a tiny outgrowth on the surface of a petal or leaf
a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell; "the papillae of the tongue"
a small projection of tissue at the base of a hair or tooth or feather

PrepTutorEJDIC

『小さいほうの,少ない』 / (階級・地位・重要性などが)『劣ったほうの』,重要でない / 重大ではない / 未成年の / (音楽で)短調の / 未成年者 / (大学の科目・課程の)副専攻科目 / (音楽で)短調 / 《the minors》《米》=minor league
乳頭;(毛根・歯根などにある)微小乳頭状突起物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/23 02:03:11」(JST)

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The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the descending second section of the duodenum.

Structure

The minor duodenal papilla is contained within the second part of the duodenum. It is situated 2 cm proximal to the major duodenal papilla, and thus 5–8 cm from the opening of the pylorus. The gastroduodenal artery lies posterior.^[1]

Variation

The minor duodenal papilla may or may not contain a functioning sphincter and patent duct. When present, the sphincter is known as the sphincter of Helly, and the duct the accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini. In 10% of people, the minor duodenal papilla is the prime duct for drainage of the pancreas,^[1] although in others it may not be present at all.^[1]

Pain from the region will be referred to the epigastric region of the abdomen due to its associated dermatomes.^{[citation needed]}

Function

The duct is an embryological remnant, however in a small majority of people drains the pancreas.^[1]

Development

The minor duodenal papilla represents the remnants of the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct, which drains the dorsal pancreatic bud during foetal development.

Clinical significance

When patent, the minor duodenal papilla may be associated with recurrent pancreatitis. This is particularly common in a subset of people, when the dorsal pancreatic bud fails to fuse with the ventral pancreatic bud, a condition called pancreatic divisum,^[2] ^:893 or when patent and ligated.^[1]

History

The other names of minor duodenal papilla is Santorini's minor caruncle.

External links

Swiss embryology (from UL, UB, and UF) sdigestive/pankreas01

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Skandalakis, editor in chief John E. (2004). Skandalakis' surgical anatomy : the embryologic and anatomic basis of modern surgery. Athens, Greece: PMP. pp. Chapter 16: Small Intestine. ISBN 9603990744.
^ Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7020-3084-0. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 膵管癒合不全の治療 treatment of pancreas divisum
2. 妊婦における内視鏡的逆行性胆管膵管造影（ERCP） endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ercp in pregnancy
3. 膵管癒合不全の解剖学および臨床的意義 anatomy and clinical significance of pancreas divisum
4. 膵臓ステント留置術およびその合併症の概要 overview of pancreatic stenting and its complications
5. 小児におけるERCP：手技、成功率および合併症 ercp in children technique success and complications

English Journal

Interventional endoscopic ultrasonography.

Fuccio L1, Attili F, Vanella G, Larghi A.Author information 1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.AbstractOPINION STATEMENT: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is not only a diagnostic tool but also an interventional and therapeutic procedure. Indeed, in addition to tissue acquisition, it can also drain fluid collections adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract, provide access to biliary and pancreatic ducts, biliary, pancreatic, and gallbladder drainage, pancreatic cyst ablation, and, finally, provide anti-tumoral treatments and interventional vascular procedures. Although several improvements have been made in the last decade, the full potential of interventional EUS is yet to be completely explored. Future areas of research are the development of dedicated tools and accessories, the standardization of the interventional procedures, and the widening of the use of EUS, while increasing the expertise worldwide. In addition, more data, based on well-performed, possibly randomized clinical trials, are needed to accurately determine the risks and long-term outcomes of these interventions. We firmly believe that interventional EUS can play a pivotal role in anti-tumor treatments, by the fine-needle injection of anti-tumoral agents, tumor ablation, and assisting radiation treatment with gold fiducial placement and the implantation of intralesional seeds. The goal of the near future will be to offer targeted therapy and monitoring of tumor treatment response in a more biologically driven manner than has been available in the past. Interventional EUS will be an essential part of the multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment.
Current treatment options in gastroenterology.Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol.2014 Jun;12(2):183-210. doi: 10.1007/s11938-014-0015-x.
OPINION STATEMENT: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is not only a diagnostic tool but also an interventional and therapeutic procedure. Indeed, in addition to tissue acquisition, it can also drain fluid collections adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract, provide access to biliary and pancreatic ducts, bi
PMID 24609891

Human heat shock protein 27 exacerbates ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by reducing the number of T regulatory cells.

Ye S1, Zhang C1, Zhou J1, Cheng J2, Lv Z1, Zhou L2, Xie H2, Wu J1, Zheng S1.Author information 1Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China.2Key Laboratory of Combined Multi‑Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China.AbstractIschemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs in almost every liver surgery and is associated with the reduction of the liver blood flow. Ischemia impairs liver function and can even cause liver failure following surgery. The present study aimed to identify a new molecular target allowing the reduction of IRI and explore the related cellular mechanism. Adenovirus (~2.5x1012 viral particles) bearing the human heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) gene was injected into rat liver through the ileocecal vein. Five days following the injection, ischemia was induced by clamping the median and left portal veins, hepatic arteries and bile ducts. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. The infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of pro‑inflammatory factors were investigated. The number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was measured by flow cytometry. At 2 h following reperfusion, the group injected with HSP27 had the highest level of ALT and AST, followed by the group injected with HSP27 and treated with gadolinium trichloride (GdCl3), the empty vector-injected and the vector+GdCl3 groups. The HSP27 group also had the lowest levels of the oxidative stress‑protective factors SOD and GSH, and the highest levels of pro‑inflammatory factors. The number of Tregs was reduced in the groups injected with HSP27. In conclusion, the human HSP27 protein can effectively accelerate liver damage at the early stages of IRI in rats. Tregs might play a critical role in HSP27‑induced liver injury.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2014 May;9(5):1998-2002. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2032. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs in almost every liver surgery and is associated with the reduction of the liver blood flow. Ischemia impairs liver function and can even cause liver failure following surgery. The present study aimed to identify a new molecular target allowing the reduction o
PMID 24626937

In vivo observation of perforating submucosal pancreatic ducts during endoscopic submucosal dissection of a gastric heterotopic pancreas.

Shlomovitz E, Pescarus R, Sharata A, Reavis KM, Dunst CM, Swanstrom LL.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy.Gastrointest Endosc.2014 Apr 2. pii: S0016-5107(14)00188-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.018. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 24703085