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arrange in phases or stages; "phase a withdrawal"
(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system" (同)form
a particular point in the time of a cycle; measured from some arbitrary zero and expressed as an angle (同)phase_angle
any distinct time period in a sequence of events; "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" (同)stage
adjust so as to be in a synchronized condition; "he phased the intake with the output of the machine"
(astronomy) the particular appearance of a bodys state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earths moon that is illuminated by the sun); "the full phase of the moon"
a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid (同)luting
chordophone consisting of a plucked instrument having a pear-shaped body, a usually bent neck, and a fretted fingerboard
of or relating to the corpus luteum

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(変化・発達の)『段階』,『局面』 / (物事の)『面』,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / (月・惑星などの)相 / …‘を'段階的に調整(整理)する
リュート(17世紀ごろまで用いられたギターに似た弦楽器)
封泥(ふうでい)(破れ目や穴をふさぐもの) / …‘を'封泥でふさぐ

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/06 05:56:41」(JST)

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Menstrual cycle

The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual cycle (in humans and a few other animals) or the earlier phase of the estrous cycle (in other placental mammals). It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis. The main hormone associated with this stage is progesterone, which is significantly higher during the luteal phase than other phases of the cycle.^[1] The opposite of the luteal phase, the rest of the four weeks, is called the follicular phase.

Hormonal events

After ovulation, the anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum. It continues to grow for some time after ovulation and produces significant amounts of hormones, particularly progesterone,^[2] and, to a lesser extent, oestrogen. Progesterone plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst and supportive of the early pregnancy; it also has the side effect of raising the woman's basal body temperature.^[3]

Several days after ovulation, the increasing amount of oestrogen produced by the corpus luteum may cause one or two days of fertile cervical mucus, lower basal body temperatures, or both. This is known as a "secondary oestrogen surge".^[4]

The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. With continued low levels of FSH and LH, the corpus luteum will atrophy.^[2] The death of the corpus luteum results in falling levels of progesterone and oestrogen. These falling levels of ovarian hormones cause increased levels of FSH, which begins recruiting follicles for the next cycle. Continued drops in levels of oestrogen and progesterone trigger the end of the luteal phase: menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle.^[3]

The human luteal phase lasts between ten and sixteen days, the average being fourteen days. Luteal phases of less than twelve days may make it more difficult to achieve pregnancy. While luteal phase length varies significantly from woman to woman, for the same woman the length will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle.^[5]

The loss of the corpus luteum can be prevented by implantation of an embryo: after implantation, human embryos produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),^[6] which is structurally similar to LH and can preserve the corpus luteum.^[2] Because the hormone is unique to the embryo, most pregnancy tests look for the presence of hCG.^[2] If implantation occurs, the corpus luteum will continue to produce progesterone (and maintain high basal body temperatures) for eight to twelve weeks, after which the placenta takes over this function.^[7]

Luteal phase defect

Luteal phase defect (LPD), or luteal insufficiency, occurs when the luteal phase is shorter than normal, progesterone levels during the luteal phase are below normal, or both. LPD is believed to interfere with the implantation of embryos.The lactational amenorrhea method of birth control works primarily by preventing ovulation, but is also known to cause LPD.^[8]

LPD is a spectrum. There is unruptured luteinized follicle syndrome (ULFS), short luteal phases that are, for example, nine days long, and follicular non-responsiveness to hCG. The second two varieties can be stabilized by taking high-dose progesterone suppositories or injections until one gets a positive pregnancy test, and then continuing for another 8–10 weeks until the placenta is self-sufficient. Some people have seen normalization with a high dose of vitamin B6.

ULFS can be treated by a high dose of hCG at ovulation, or by IVF.

LPD can be diagnosed by ultrasound, day 21 progesterone tests, and observing the length of luteal phase.

References

^ Bagnell, C. 2005. "Animal Reproduction". Rutgers University Department of Animal Sciences.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Losos, Jonathan B.; Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B.; Singer, Susan R. (2002). Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1207–09. ISBN 0-07-303120-8.
^ ^a ^b Weschler, Toni (2002). Taking Charge of Your Fertility (Revised ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp. 361–2. ISBN 0-06-093764-5.
^ Weschler 2002, pp. 310,326
^ Weschler 2002, p. 47
^ Wilcox, A. J., Baird, D. D., Weinberg, C. R. (1999). "Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
^ Glade B. Curtis (1999). "Week 4". Your Pregnancy Week by Week. Element Books. ISBN 1-86204-396-5. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
^ Díaz, S., Cárdenas, H., Brandeis, A., Miranda, P., Salvatierra, A. M., Croxatto, H. B. (September 1992). "Relative contributions of anovulation and luteal phase defect to the reduced pregnancy rate of breastfeeding women". Fertility and Sterility 58 (3): 498–503. PMID 1521642.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 正常月経周期の生理学 physiology of the normal menstrual cycle
2. 正常月経周期の超音波評価 ultrasound evaluation of the normal menstrual cycle
3. クエン酸クロミフェンによる排卵誘発 ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate
4. 女性の不妊症の治療の概要 overview of treatment of female infertility
5. Thoracic endometriosis: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and pathology

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Body weight-associated differences in ovarian morphology in captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Scheerer-Bernhard JU1, Tkachenko OY2, Heistermann M3, Gründker C4, Nayudu PL5.
Animal reproduction science.Anim Reprod Sci.2015 Jun;157:44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.03.014. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
In captivity, Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is on average heavier than their wild-living counterparts, and has a tendency to produce triplet litters rather than the normal twins. To provide initial basic information about possible weight-related differences among the ovaries, a morphometric s
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Random-start ovarian stimulation in patients with cancer.

Cakmak H1, Rosen MP.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology.Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.2015 Jun;27(3):215-21. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000180.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Awaiting menses to start ovarian stimulation for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation in patients with cancer may result in a significant delay of cancer treatment that may lead to patients forgoing fertility preservation. The purpose of this review is to describe the new protocols to f
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Association of Sex Steroid Hormones wth Neutrophil Function in the General Population

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