WordNet

the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose; "preparations for the ceremony had begun" (同)readying
(music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord; "the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《語・句・節を対等に結んで》…『と』…,…や…,および / 《数詞を結合して》…『足す』…,…に加えて / …『しかも』…,…して,同時に… / 《時間的に》『そして』,それから,すると(and then) / 《当然の帰結として》…『ので』,…だから(and so) / 《おもに話》《命令文などの後で》『そうすれば』,そうしたら / 《追加・強調して》それに,しかも / 《対照的な内容を導いて》ところが,しかし(but) / 《譲歩的に》それなのに,それでいながら / 《A and Bで一体の関係を表して》《単数扱い》 / 《同一語を反復して多数・継続などを表して》 / 《同一の複数名詞を結合して変化・種類などを表して》 / 《話》《「形容詞+and+形容詞」の形で前の形容詞が後に副詞的に働く》 / 《話》《「動詞come, goなど+and+動詞」の形でandとその後の動詞が不定詞の働きをして》 / 《「動詞+and+動詞」の形で後の動詞が現在分詞の意を表して》 / 《話》《文頭において前の質問・意見などに同意を示して》そうとも,そして(Yes!and) / 《話》《文頭に置いて驚き・疑念・非難などを表して》ほんとうに;…なのに
〈U〉《a ~》(…の)『用意』《+『of+名』》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…のための)準備《+『for+名』》 / 〈U〉準備されている状態 / 〈U〉《英》宿題;予宿 / 〈C〉(調理した)食品,(調合した)薬剤
(次にくる語の発音が母音で始まるときに用いる) / (子音[h]で始まり第1音節に強勢のない語の場合はanを用いることがある.ただし,この場合は[h]を発音しない)
=L-dopa

UpToDate Contents

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1. パーキンソン病の薬理学的治療 pharmacologic treatment of parkinson disease
2. パーキンソン病における症状の変動およびジスキネジア motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in parkinson disease
3. Treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease and periodic limb movement disorder in adults
4. 成人における成長ホルモン欠乏症 growth hormone deficiency in adults
5. 多系統萎縮症：予後および治療 multiple system atrophy prognosis and treatment

English Journal

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of formulated levodopa methyl ester nasal delivery systems.

Lee YH1, Kim KH, Yoon IK, Lee KE, Chun IK, Rhie JY, Gwak HS.
European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics.Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.2014 Dec;39(4):237-42. doi: 10.1007/s13318-013-0171-8. Epub 2013 Dec 21.
The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of levodopa (L-dopa) from nasal powder formulations using highly water-soluble levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride (LDME). In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with formulated LDME nasal powders. After ora
PMID 24363125

New treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Vijverman AC1, Fox SH.
Expert review of clinical pharmacology.Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol.2014 Nov;7(6):761-77. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2014.966812.
Levodopa remains the most potent drug to treat motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesia that occur with long-term use restrict some of its therapeutic value. Despite these limitations, the medical treatment of PD strives for continuous r
PMID 25318835

IPX066 , a mixed immediate/sustained-release levodopa preparation for Parkinson's disease.

Ondo W1.
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.Expert Opin Pharmacother.2014 Oct;15(14):2081-5. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.950224. Epub 2014 Aug 22.
INTRODUCTION: L-DOPA has long been the 'gold standard' treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and rapid pharmacokinetic elimination. A longer acting preparation has long been sought.AREAS COVERED: We conducted PubMed search for IPX066 and reviewed abstract
PMID 25146967

Japanese Journal

医療用医薬品とOTC薬の相互作用 : レボドパ製剤とOTC胃腸薬, サクロン^[○!R]

砂金信義,小合由起,太田隆文,宇留野強
医療薬学 32(1), 73-76, 2006-01-10
… In the present study, the possibility of an interaction between prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs was investigated by monitoring plasma drug concentrations in rats. … When a levodopa preparation (Madopar^[○!R]) indicated for patients with Parkinson's disease was orally administered with Saclon^[○!R], an OTC drug for upset stomach, the AUC and C_<max> … for levodopa were significantly lowered and T_<max> …
NAID 110003479899

医療用医薬品とＯＴＣ薬の相互作用―レボドパ製剤とＯＴＣ胃腸薬，サクロン―:―レボドパ製剤とOTC胃腸薬, サクロン®―

砂金信義,小合由起,太田隆文,宇留野強
医療薬学 32(1), 73-76, 2006
… In the present study, the possibility of an interaction between prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs was investigated by monitoring plasma drug concentrations in rats. … When a levodopa preparation (Madopar®) indicated for patients with Parkinson's disease was orally administered with Saclon®, an OTC drug for upset stomach, the AUC and Cmax for levodopa were significantly lowered and Tmax was significantly prolonged. …
NAID 130004894609

バナナジュースはレボドパ製剤のバイオアベイラビリティを低下させる

小合由起,砂金信義,太田隆文 [他],宇留野強
藥學雜誌 125(12), 1009-1011, 2005-12-01
… This study aimed to examine the effects of banana juice on levodopa bioavailability in rats. … When a levodopa preparation (EC-Doparl tablets) was orally administered with banana juice made by mixing with a fresh banana and water, there were significant decreases in C_<max>(17.4±2.5vs.8.6±3.1μg/ml;α=0.05) and AUC(1882.8±49.2vs.933.5±286.6μg・min/ml;α=0.05) for levodopa. …
NAID 110004042087