- 同
- 外側皮質脊髄路
WordNet
- lying away from the median and sagittal plane of a body; "lateral lemniscus"
- situated at or extending to the side; "the lateral branches of a tree"; "shot out sidelong boughs"- Tennyson (同)sidelong
- a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet (同)pamphlet
- an extended area of land (同)piece of land, piece of ground, parcel of land, parcel
- a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose
- a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image (同)trace
- the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline
- the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies"
- comparative of the adverb `late; "he stayed later than you did"
- coming at a subsequent time or stage; "without ulterior argument"; "the mood posterior to" (同)ulterior, posterior
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 横の,側面の;横からの / (音声が)側音の / 側面,(道路の)側溝(そっこう) / 側音(英語の[1]など)
- 広大な土地(地域),(土地・海・空などの)広がり《+of+名》 / (器官の)管,(神経の)索
- (おもに宗教・政治などの宣伝用の)小冊子,パンフレット
- 跡を追うこと,追跡;透写,複写 / 〈C〉 / 透写(複写)によってできたもの(地図・図案など),透写図
- 《補語にのみ用いて》(人などが)(…するのが)『もっと遅い』《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (時刻・時期が)『もっと遅い』,もっと後の / 後で,のちほど / (lateの比較級)(定刻・予定時間・他の人(物))より遅れて,遅く
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/01 14:08:05」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
|
Lateral corticospinal tract labeled in red at upper left.
|
| Details |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
Tractus corticospinalis lateralis,
fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
12816937 |
| TA |
A14.1.02.219 |
| FMA |
72635 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
|
The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 References
- 5 Additional images
- 6 External links
Structure
Descending motor pathways carry motor signals from the brain down the spinal cord and to the target muscle or organ. They typically consist of an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The lateral corticospinal tract is a descending motor pathway that begins in the cerebral cortex, decussates in the pyramids of the lower medulla [1] (also known as the medulla oblongata or the cervicomedullary junction, which is the most posterior division of the brain[2] ) and proceeds down the contralateral side of the spinal cord. It is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.
Function
Axons in the lateral corticospinal tract leave out of the tract and into the anterior horns of the spinal cord. It controls fine movement of ipsilateral limbs (albeit contralateral to the corresponding motor cortex) as it lies distal to the pyramidal decussation. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract.[3]
Damage to different parts of the body will cause deficits, depending on whether the damage is above (rostral) or below (caudal) the pyramidal decussation. Damage to the body above the pyramidal decussation, will cause contralateral motor deficits. For example, if there is a lesion at the pre-central gyrus in the right cerebral cortex, then the left side of the body will be affected. Whereas damage below the pyramidal decussation will result in ipsilateral motor deficits. For example, spinal cord damage on the left side of the lateral corticospinal tract at the thoracic level can cause motor deficits to the left side of the body.
Clinical significance
|
|
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) |
Poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arise out of complications in the lateral corticospinal tract. Both of these diseases result in muscle atrophy. In poliomyelitis, the poliovirus destroys motor neurons found in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord. This inhibits the lower motor neurons of the lateral corticospinal tract from travelling to the target muscle or organ and delivering the signal from the brain. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the lateral side of the spinal cord undergoes scarring. The astrocytes found in the spinal cord, which are vital to the healthy functioning of the central nervous system, fail to reabsorb a specific neurotransmitter. This causes the neurotransmitter to reach toxic levels and leads to scarring in the lateral regions of the spinal cord. This also disrupts neural signal transmission.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 486–488. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.
- ^ Pinel, John (2011). Biopsychology. Boston: Pearson Education Inc. ISBN 978-0-205-83256-9.
- ^ Blumenfeld, Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases, 2002
Additional images
-
-
Section of the medulla oblongata through the lower part of the decussation of the pyramids
-
Section of the medulla oblongata at the level of the decussation of the pyramids.
-
External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lateral corticospinal tract. |
- hier-798 at NeuroNames
- -845545463 at GPnotebook
- Overview at thebrain.mcgill.ca
- Illustration and text: sc97/text/P4/intro.htm at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical school
|
Anatomy of the medulla
|
|
| Grey matter |
| Cranial nuclei |
| afferent: |
- Solitary nucleus
- tract
- Dorsal respiratory group
- Gustatory nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei
|
|
| efferent: |
- Hypoglossal nucleus
- Nucleus ambiguus
- Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
|
|
|
| Dorsal |
- Gracile nucleus
- Cuneate nucleus
- Accessory cuneate nucleus
|
|
| Ventral |
-
- Ventral respiratory group
- Arcuate nucleus of medulla
- Rostral ventromedial medulla
|
|
|
| White matter |
| Dorsal |
- Sensory
- Sensory decussation
- Medial lemniscus
- Juxtarestiform body
- Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Motor
- Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
|
|
| Ventral |
- Descending tracts
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
|
|
|
| Surface |
| Front |
- Pyramid
- decussation
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Olive
|
|
| Back |
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
- Area postrema
- Vagal trigone
- Hypoglossal trigone
- Medial eminence
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
| Grey |
- Reticular formation
- Gigantocellular
- Parvocellular
- Ventral
- Lateral
- Paramedian
- Raphe nuclei
|
|
|
The spinal cord
|
|
| General features |
- Cervical enlargement
- Lumbar enlargement
- Conus medullaris
- Filum terminale
- Cauda equina
|
|
| Grey matter |
| Posterior grey column |
- Marginal nucleus
- Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
- Nucleus proprius
- Spinal lamina V
- Spinal lamina VI
|
|
| Lateral grey column |
- Intermediolateral nucleus
- Posterior thoracic nucleus
|
|
| Anterior grey column |
- Interneuron
- Alpha motor neuron
|
|
| Other |
- Rexed laminae
- Central gelatinous substance
- Gray commissure
- Central canal
- Terminal ventricle
|
|
|
| White matter |
| Sensory |
| Posterior |
- Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway:
- Gracile
- Cuneate
|
|
| Lateral: |
- Spinocerebellar
- Spinothalamic
- Posterolateral
- Spinotectal
|
|
- Spinoreticular tract
- Spino-olivary tract
|
|
|
| Motor |
| Lateral |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Rubrospinal
- Olivospinal
- Raphespinal
|
|
| Anterior |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Vestibulospinal
- Reticulospinal
- Tectospinal
|
|
|
| Both |
- Anterior white commissure
|
|
|
| External features |
- Ventral
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Dorsal
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
|
|
|
Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
|
|
Sensory/
ascending |
| PCML |
| 1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
|
|
| 2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
|
|
| 3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
|
|
|
Anterolateral/
pain |
| Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
|
|
| Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
|
|
|
|
Motor/
descending |
| Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
|
|
| Extrapyramidal |
| flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
|
|
| flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
|
|
| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
|
|
| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
|
|
- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
|
|
|
| Basal ganglia |
| direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
|
|
| indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
|
|
| nigrostriatal pathway: |
|
|
|
|
| Cerebellar |
| Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
|
|
| Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
|
|
Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
|
|
| Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
|
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Corticoefferent pathways in pure lower motor neuron disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study.
- Rosenbohm A1, Müller HP1, Hübers A1, Ludolph AC1, Kassubek J2.
- Journal of neurology.J Neurol.2016 Dec;263(12):2430-2437. Epub 2016 Sep 13.
- Criteria for assessing upper motor neuron pathology in lower motor neuron disease (LMND) still remain major issues in clinical diagnosis. This study was designed to investigate patients with the clinical diagnosis of adult pure LMND by use of whole brain based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to delin
- PMID 27624123
- Development of an Automated MRI-Based Diagnostic Protocol for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Disease-Specific Pathognomonic Features: A Quantitative Disease-State Classification Study.
- Schuster C1, Hardiman O1, Bede P1.
- PloS one.PLoS One.2016 Dec 1;11(12):e0167331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167331. eCollection 2016.
- BACKGROUND: Despite significant advances in quantitative neuroimaging, the diagnosis of ALS remains clinical and MRI-based biomarkers are not currently used to aid the diagnosis. The objective of this study is to develop a robust, disease-specific, multimodal classification protocol and validate its
- PMID 27907080
- Tract-Specific Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Laterality of Neurological Symptoms in Patients with Cervical Compression Myelopathy.
- Maki S1, Koda M2, Saito J2, Takahashi S3, Inada T2, Kamiya K2, Ota M2, Iijima Y2, Masuda Y4, Matsumoto K4, Kojima M4, Takahashi K2, Obata T5, Yamazaki M6, Furuya T2.
- World neurosurgery.World Neurosurg.2016 Dec;96:184-190. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.129. Epub 2016 Sep 5.
- BACKGROUND: Patients with cervical compression myelopathy (CCM) generally present bilateral neurological symptoms in their extremities. However, a substantial portion of patients with CCM exhibit laterality of neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between intrins
- PMID 27609442
Japanese Journal
- 認定医-指導医のためのレビュー・オピニオン 大脳皮質・脳幹-脊髄による姿勢と歩行の制御機構
- 高草木 薫
- 脊髄外科 14(1), 208-215, 2014-02
- … On the other hand, when locomoting subject requires intentional gait modification, an activation of the dorsolateral descending motor system, or the lateral corticospinal tract, arising from the motor cortical areas is critically involved. …
- NAID 120005425557
- 近位筋優位遺伝性運動感覚ニューロパチー（HMSN-P）の神経病理
- 吉田 眞理
- 臨床神経学 53(11), 1200-1202, 2013
- Proximal-dominant hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy（HMSN-P）である滋賀家系の神経病理所見では，末梢神経の有髄線維の高度脱落に加えて，下位運動ニューロン優位の運動ニューロン疾患の病理像を示した．脊髄前角の高度の細胞脱落とグリオーシス，ubiquitin陽性，TDP-43陽性，TFG陽性封入体の出現，後索中間根帯-Clarke柱-脊 …
- NAID 130004505386
- Anatomical Details of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Visualized by High Resolution Readout-segmented Multi-shot Echo-planar Diffusion-weighted Images using Unidirectional MPG at 3T
- NAGANAWA Shinji,YAMAZAKI Masahiro,KAWAI Hisashi,SONE Michihiko,NAKASHIMA Tsutomu,ISODA Haruo
- Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS 10(4), 269-275, 2011-12-01
- … DWI by rs-EPI was significantly better than DWI by single-shot EPI for visualizing the medial longitudinal fasciculus, lateral lemniscus, corticospinal tract, and seventh/eighth cranial nerves and offered significantly less distortion of the brainstem. …
- NAID 10030284698
Related Links
- The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- lateral corticospinal tract
- 同
- 錐体側索路
- 類
- 皮質脊髄路、前皮質脊髄路
- 錐体を作る下行性線維の大部分は錐体交叉で反対側に交叉し、脊髄側索を下行する (KL.782)
[★]
- 英
- lateral pyramidal tract
- ラ
- tractus pyramidalis lateralis
- 同
- 外側皮質脊髄路 lateral corticospinal tract tractus corticospinalis lateralis, 外側錐体路
- 関
- 錐体路
[★]
- 関
- aspect、external、externally、flanking、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outer、outside、profile、side、sided、sidedness
[★]
- 関
- chase、follow up、follow-up、pursue、pursuit、trace
[★]
- 関
- tractus