指標植物、植物指標

WordNet

place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissidents apartment"
(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion (同)flora, plant life
buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" (同)works, industrial plant
an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience
something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"
put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students minds" (同)implant
put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Lets plant flowers in the garden" (同)set
place into a river; "plant fish"
make plans for something; "He is planning a trip with his family"
scale drawing of a structure; "the plans for City Hall were on file" (同)architectural plan
a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; "they drew up a six-step plan"; "they discussed plans for a new bond issue" (同)program, programme
have the will and intention to carry out some action; "He plans to be in graduate school next year"; "The rebels had planned turmoil and confusion" (同)be after
make or work out a plan for; devise; "They contrived to murder their boss"; "design a new sales strategy"; "plan an attack" (同)project, contrive, design
(chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance; can be used to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction or (in medicine) to test for a particular reaction
a device for showing the operating condition of some system
a signal for attracting attention
putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow; "the planting of corn is hard work"
the act of fixing firmly in place; "he ordered the planting of policemen outside every doorway"
a collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area; "the landscape architect suggested a small planting in the northwest corner"
set in the soil for growth

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動物に対して)『植物』,草木・(樹木に対して)『草』,草本(そうほん)( 木部があまり発達せず地上部が一年で枯れる植物)・苗,苗木・生産設備,工場,プラント設備,装置・《俗》(人をおとしいれる)わな,おとり / 〈苗など〉‘を'『植える』,〈種〉‘を'まく・(植物を) ‘に'植える《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈思想など〉‘を'植えつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》・《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所)…‘を'しっかりと置く(すえる,立てる) / ・〈工場・生産設備など〉‘を'建設する・《俗》〈スパイ〉‘を'送りこむ,〈わな〉‘を'仕掛ける・（嫌疑がかかるように）こっそり置く
『計画』,『案』,プラン,設計 / 『設計図』,『図面』;(小区域の)地図,市街図 / …‘を'『計画する』,‘の'案を立てる / …の設計図をかく,‘を'設計する / 計画を立てる
指示する人(物),指示器,表示器;指針 / (リトマスなどの)指示薬

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/26 03:31:58」(JST)

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Since a plant species or plant community acts as a measure of environmental conditions, it is referred to as biological indicators, bioindicators or phytoindicators. Plants which indicate some specific conditions of environment are called plant indicators.

1 Plants
- 1.1 Potential productivity of land
- 1.2 Climate
- 1.3 Soil characteristics
- 1.4 Fires
- 1.5 Pollution
2 Lichen
- 2.1 I) Indicators of radioactive particles
- 2.2 ii) Sensitivity to air pollution
3 Algae
4 Fungi and bacteria
5 Higher plants
- 5.1 Minerals
- 5.2 Viral infection
6 Examples
7 See also

Plants

Potential productivity of land

Forest serve as good indicators of land productivity. For example- vegetative growth of trees like Quercus. marilandica, Q. stellata are comparatively poor on lowland or sterile sandy soil than the normal soil in which they grow under conditions.

Climate

Evergreen forests indicate high rainfall in winter as well as summer; Sclerphyllous vegetation indicate heavy rainfall in winter and low during summer; Grassland indicate heavy rains during summer and low during winter; Xerophytic vegetation indicate a very low or no rainfall in the year.

Soil characteristics

Luxuriant (abundant) growth of some taller and deeply rooted grasses like Psoralea indicates a sandy loam type of soil, whereas the presence of grasses Andropogon indicates sandy soil. Rumex acetosella indicates an acid grassland soil, whereas Spermacoce stricta the iron rich soil in the area. Shorea robusta, Cassia obtusifolia, Geranium sp. and Impatiens sp. indicate proper aeration of soil.

Fires

Some plants as Agrostis, Eupilobium, Pium, Populus, Pteris, and Pyronema dominate in areas destroyed by fires. Particular species of Pteridium indicate burnt and highly disturbed coniferous forests.

Pollution

Plants like Utricularia, Chara, Wolffia grow in polluted waters. Bacteria like E. coli also indicate water pollution. Presence of diatoms in water indicates pollution by sewage.

Lichen

I) Indicators of radioactive particles

Dead lichen thalii are capable of absorbing F, heavy metals including SO₂ and Pb. Lichens are also utilized for survey of long life nuclides (a distinct kind of atom or nucleus characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons) like strontium (90_Sr) and cesium (137_Cs) released from nuclear explosions.

ii) Sensitivity to air pollution

Lichens can thus be used as reliable biological indicators of pollution. Lecanora conizaeoides is the most tolerant of all lichens to SO₂, thus occurs in city also. Thus lichens are used as pollution monitors.

Algae

Ulva, Enteromorpha are used in monitoring the water quality of estuaries (the tidal mouth of a large river).
Heavy metal pollution of water in monitored by Cladophora, Stigeoclonium.
Chlorella is used to monitor toxic substances in water.
Duniella teritolecta, Cyclotella cryptic, Pavlova lutheri are indicators of oil pollution.
Cyanobacteria like Nostoc, Microscopium, Haplosiphon, Welwitschii are the indicators of soil pesticides as dithane, deltan, BHC, aldrex, rogor.

Fungi and bacteria

Fungi are used to monitor of oil pollution, Scolecobasidium, Mortierella, Humicola, Verticillum are able to utilize waste oil.
Bacteria like Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Streptococcus are used in assessment (estimation) and prediction of changes in marine environment induced by human activities. Pseudomonas metabolizes oil and converts into harmless end product as CO₂ and H₂O.

Higher plants

Medicago sativa grow in low SO₂.
Rumex acetosella grow in acidic soil.

Minerals

Many plants indicate the presence of characteristics minerals in the soils, theses plant are called metallocoles/metallophytes.

Gold- Equisetum arvense;

Diamond- Vallozia candida;

Silver-Eriogonium ovalifolium;

Much useful knowledge can be obtained about our land by observation of the wild plants and cover crops that are growing, and their condition. These include indicating fertility levels and potential nutrient deficiencies, waterlogging or compaction problems, pH levels and so on. When assessing land by observation of indicator species however it is good practice to observe plant communities or consistent populations of indicator species rather than individual specimens which may not be typical. Perennial weeds which may have colonised an area for some time are also a more reliable form of indicator than annual weeds which may have only been there for that year and thus indicate a temporary condition.

Viral infection

Plant species will respond differentially to the presence of viruses due to variation in susceptibility. This can cause differences in observable symptoms as well as the magnitude of those symptoms. For instance, a plant may harbor a viral infection and show no observable symptoms yet still be negatively affected. Therefore, some plant species become useful as indicators because their symptoms will develop at a faster rate, are more obvious, or are more consistent for diagnosis. Common techniques of transferring a viral infection from a suspected plant to an indicator plant include grafting or sap transmission. However, ELISA testing, related serological tests, and direct electron microscope observation of viruses are more modern methods for detection.

Examples

Fertile soil supports plants such as nettles, chickweed, groundsel and fat hen.
Nitrogen-deficient conditions are indicated by the presence of nitrogen fixing legumes such as clovers or vetches.
Bracken, plantains, sorrel, knapweeds, rhododendron and cranberries are amongst the plants that favour acidic conditions, while alkaline conditions tend to support populations of perennial sow thistle, bladder campion, and henbane.
Waterlogged or poorly drained land is indicated by the presence of species such as mosses, creeping buttercup and horsetail, or bog loving plants including sedges, rushes, marsh marigold, or marsh orchid.

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English Journal

LCA of waste prevention activities: A case study for drinking water in Italy.

Nessi S, Rigamonti L, Grosso M.SourcePolitecnico di Milano, DIIAR Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
Journal of environmental management.J Environ Manage.2012 Oct 15;108:73-83. Epub 2012 May 30.
The strategic relevance of waste prevention has considerably increased worldwide during recent years, such that the current European legislation requires the preparation of national waste prevention programmes in which reduction objectives and measures are identified. In such a context, it is possib
PMID 22794084

Practical considerations for the use of pollen δ(13) C value as a paleoclimate indicator.

King DC, Schubert BA, Jahren AH.SourceDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.2012 Sep 30;26(18):2165-72. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6333.
RATIONALE: Workers have shown a correlation between temperature and the pollen δ(13) C value, and therefore suggested using pollen δ(13) C values to reconstruct paleotemperature. To evaluate the potential for pollen δ(13) C values to be used as a paleotemperature proxy, it is essential to quantif
PMID 22886813