WordNet

underdevelopment of an organ because of a decrease in the number of cells
failing to accomplish an intended result; "an abortive revolt"; "a stillborn plot to assassinate the President" (同)stillborn, unsuccessful
infertility between hybrids

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不成功の,失敗に終わった / 流産の / 発育不全の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/07 15:13:57」(JST)

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Hypoplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπo- hypo-, "under" + πλάσις plasis, "formation"; adjective form hypoplastic) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ.^[1] Although the term is not always used precisely, it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells.^[2] Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia, but less severe. It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia (too many cells). Hypoplasia is a congenital condition, while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life. (Atrophy, the wasting away of already existing cells, is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.)

Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ. It is descriptive of many medical conditions, such as:

Underdeveloped:

Breasts during puberty, which is thought to be congenital but the cause is unknown
tuberous breast, which is different from simple underdevelopment
Testes in Klinefelter's syndrome
Ovaries in Fanconi anemia, gonadal dysgenesis, trisomy X
Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome
Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome
Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene
Tooth caused by oral pathology, such as Turner's hypoplasia
Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome
Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia
Sacrum in sacral agenesis
Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies
Thumb from birth
Lungs, often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Small bowel in Coeliac disease
Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis
Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism

References[edit]

^ Definition: hypoplasia from Online Medical Dictionary
^ http://activate.lww.com/semdweb/internetsomd/ASP/1527483.asp

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1. 妊娠中期の前期破水による早産 midtrimester preterm premature rupture of membranes
2. 先天性肺気道奇形の出生前診断およびマネージメント prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital pulmonary airway malformation
3. 顔面裂および全前脳胞症 facial clefts and holoprosencephaly
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5. 腎発育不全 renal hypoplasia

English Journal

Silver nanoparticle-specific mitotoxicity in Daphnia magna.

Stensberg MC, Madangopal R, Yale G, Wei Q, Ochoa-Acuña H, Wei A, McLamore ES, Rickus J, Porterfield DM, Sepúlveda MS.Author information Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN , USA.AbstractAbstract Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are gaining popularity as bactericidal agents in commercial products; however, the mechanisms of toxicity (MOT) of Ag NPs to other organisms are not fully understood. It is the goal of this research to determine differences in MOT induced by ionic Ag(+) and Ag NPs in Daphnia magna, by incorporating a battery of traditional and novel methods. Daphnia embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations of AgNO3 and Ag NPs (130-650 ng/L), with uptake of the latter confirmed by confocal reflectance microscopy. Mitochondrial function was non-invasively monitored by measuring proton flux using self-referencing microsensors. Proton flux measurements revealed that while both forms of silver significantly affected proton efflux, the change induced by Ag NPs was greater than that of Ag(+). This could be correlated with the effects of Ag NPs on mitochondrial dysfunction, as determined by confocal fluorescence microscopy and JC-1, an indicator of mitochondrial permeability. However, Ag(+) was more efficient than Ag NPs at displacing Na(+) within embryonic Daphnia, based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis. The abnormalities in mitochondrial activity for Ag NP-exposed organisms suggest a nanoparticle-specific MOT, distinct from that induced by Ag ions. We propose that the MOT of each form of silver are complementary, and can act in synergy to produce a greater toxic response overall.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8:833-42. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.832430. Epub 2013 Sep 2.
Abstract Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are gaining popularity as bactericidal agents in commercial products; however, the mechanisms of toxicity (MOT) of Ag NPs to other organisms are not fully understood. It is the goal of this research to determine differences in MOT induced by ionic Ag(+) and Ag
PMID 23927462

Effects of mental rotation on acalculia: Differences in the direction of mental rotation account for the differing characteristics of acalculia induced by right and left hemispheric brain injury.

Asada T, Takayama Y, Oita J, Fukuyama H.Author information a Department of Brain Functional Imaging , Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan.AbstractWe observed a 59-year-old right-handed man with an infarction in his right-middle cerebral artery that included the parietal lobe, who abnormally manipulated mental images in the horizontal direction, resulting in calculation disturbances. Three years later, the patient suffered an infarction in the left parietal lobe and displayed abnormalities during the creation of mental images; i.e., he rotated them in the vertical direction, which again resulted in calculation disturbances. These mental imagery disturbances might indicate that a common acalculia mechanism exists between the right and left hemispheres.
Neurocase.Neurocase.2014 Apr;20(2):163-74. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2012.741254. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
We observed a 59-year-old right-handed man with an infarction in his right-middle cerebral artery that included the parietal lobe, who abnormally manipulated mental images in the horizontal direction, resulting in calculation disturbances. Three years later, the patient suffered an infarction in the
PMID 23409730

Diastolic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in old subjects: Possible association with NAFLD?

Gianotti G1, Cenni A2, Bianchi G2, Masetti M2, Zappoli P2, Muscari A2, Zoli M2; Pianoro Study Group.Author information 1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, I-40138 Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: giampaolo.bianchi@unibo.it.2Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, I-40138 Bologna, Italy.AbstractNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and may represent a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Functional cardiac abnormalities have been reported in patients with NAFLD. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether these findings are present also in elderly people. We tested 171 subjects aging more than 65 years, enrolled in a prospective study on CV risk reduction, for laboratory examination, abdominal ultrasound for evaluation of hepatic steatosis and standard echocardiography for determining morphological and functional cardiac parameters. Higher BMI, serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin and visceral adipose tissue and lower serum levels of HDL-cholesterol were significantly associated with NAFLD. Furthermore, subjects with NAFLD had higher prevalence of diabetes, pathological waist-circumference, insulin-resistance and positive ATP-III criteria. While NAFLD had only a borderline significant association with higher end-diastolic thicknesses of left-ventricle posterior wall (edPW) and right-ventricle wall, higher values of edPW and end-diastolic thickness of interventricular septum were significantly correlated with glucose levels above 100mg/dl, hypertension, MS and insulin-resistance. Moreover, subjects with MS and/or pathological waist-circumference had a lower early-diastolic mitral annular motion, whereas those with insulin-resistance had lower E/A ratio and early-diastolic filling peak velocity. Regression analyses identify hypertension and pathological waist-circumference as factors independently associated to pathological edPW, and hypertriglyceridemia to pathological left-ventricle mass. In conclusion, an ultrasonographic diagnosis of NAFLD in old subjects may be an "alert" on the coexistence of multiple CV risk factors and on the presence of possible alterations of cardiac morphology and diastolic function.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2014 Mar-Apr;58(2):188-95. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.10.012. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and may represent a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Functional cardiac abnormalities have been reported in patients with NAFLD. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether these findings are present
PMID 24268461

Japanese Journal

Superior segmental optic hypoplasia (SSOH)の網膜神経線維層厚の解析

布施昇男,相澤奈帆子,横山悠 [他]
日本眼科学会雑誌 116(6), 575-580, 2012-06
NAID 40019336006

上顎劣成長を伴った片側性完全口唇口蓋裂患者に対する上下顎移動術および骨延長術の顎顔面形態と後戻りに関する比較検討

阿部成宏,吉増秀實,佐藤豊 [他]
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 58(4), 204-211, 2012-04
NAID 40019309348

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「abortive」「dysgenesis」「発育不全」「形成不全」「萎縮」
拡張検索	「renal hypoplasia」「hereditary dentin hypoplasia」