- Reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type
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- infertility between hybrids
- pertaining to or causing degeneration in the offspring produced (同)cacogenic
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/23 15:47:46」(JST)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) |
| -plasia and -trophy |
- Anaplasia (structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells)
- Aplasia (organ or part of organ missing)
- Hypoplasia (congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)
- Hyperplasia (proliferation of cells)
- Neoplasia (abnormal proliferation)
- Dysplasia (change in cell or tissue phenotype)
- Metaplasia (conversion in cell type)
- Prosoplasia (development of new cell function)
- Desmoplasia (connective tissue growth)
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- Atrophy (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)
- Hypertrophy (increase in the volume of cells)
- Dystrophy (any degenerative disorder occur due to improper or faulty nutrition)
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| Metaplasia |
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Micrograph of a gastro-esophageal junction with pancreatic acinar metaplasia. The esophageal mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium) is seen on the right. The gastric mucosa (simple columnar epithelium) is seen on the left. The metaplastic epithelium is at the junction (center of image) and has an intensely eosinophilic (bright pink) cytoplasm. H&E stain.
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| Classification and external resources |
| MeSH |
D008679 |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment. If the stimulus that caused metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. Metaplasia is not synonymous with dysplasia and is not directly considered carcinogenic.[1] It is also contrasted with heteroplasia, which is the abnormal growth of cytologic and histologic elements without a stimulus.
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Significance in disease
- 3 Examples
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
Causes
When cells are faced with physiological or pathological stresses, they respond by adapting in any of several ways, one of which is metaplasia. It is a benign (i.e. non-cancerous) change that occurs as a response to change of milieu (physiological metaplasia) or chronic physical or chemical irritation (pathological metaplasia). One example of pathological irritation is cigarette smoke that causes the mucus-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells that line the airways to be replaced by stratified squamous epithelium, or a stone in the bile duct that causes the replacement of the secretory columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium (Squamous metaplasia). Metaplasia is an adaptation that replaces one type of epithelium with another that is more likely to be able to withstand the stresses it is faced with. It is also accompanied by a loss of endothelial function, and in some instances considered undesirable; this undesirability is underscored by the propensity for metaplastic regions to eventually turn cancerous if the irritant is not eliminated.
The cell of origin for many types of metaplasias are controversial or unknown. For example, there is evidence supporting several different hypotheses of origin in Barrett's esophagus. They include direct transdifferentiation of squamous cells to columnar cells, the stem cell changing from esophageal type to intestinal type, migration of gastric cardiac cells, and a population of resident embryonic cells which are present through adulthood.
Significance in disease
Normal physiological metaplasia - such as that of the endocervix is highly desirable.
The medical significance of metaplasia is that in some sites where pathological irritation is present cells may progress from metaplasia, to develop dysplasia, and then malignant neoplasia (cancer). Thus, at sites where abnormal metaplasia is detected, efforts are made to remove the causative irritant, thereby decreasing the risk of progression to malignancy. The metaplastic area must be carefully monitored to ensure that dysplastic change does not begin to occur. A progression to significant dysplasia indicates that the area could need removal to prevent the development of cancer.
Examples
A micrograph of Barrett's esophagus.
Barrett's esophagus is an abnormal change in the cells of the lower esophagus, thought to be caused by damage from chronic stomach acid exposure.
The following table lists some common tissues susceptible to metaplasia, and the stimuli that can cause the change:
| Tissue |
Normal |
Metaplasia |
Stimulus |
| Airways |
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
Squamous epithelium |
Cigarette smoke |
| Urinary bladder |
Transitional epithelium |
Squamous epithelium |
Bladder stone |
| Esophagus |
Squamous epithelium |
Columnar epithelium |
Gastro-esophageal reflux (Barrett's Esophagus) |
| Cervix |
Glandular epithelium |
Squamous epithelium |
Low pH of vagina |
See also
- Induced stem cells
- Reprogramming
- Transdifferentiation
- Epigenetics
Notes
- The AMA Home Medical Encyclopedia, Random House, p.683
- Robbins and Cotran - Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th Edition, Saunders, p. 10
References
- ^ Abrams, Gerald. "Neoplasia I". Retrieved 23 January 2012.
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Medicine: Pathology
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| Principles of pathology |
- Disease
- Infection
- Neoplasia
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Hemodynamics
- Inflammation
- Cell damage
- Wound healing
- Cellular adaptation
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
- Squamous
- Glandular
- Cell death
- Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Fibrinoid necrosis
- Programmed cell death
- Apoptosis
- Pyknosis
- Karyorrhexis
- Karyolysis
- Accumulations
- pigment
- Hemosiderin
- Lipochrome/Lipofuscin
- Melanin
- Steatosis
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| Anatomical pathology |
- Surgical pathology
- Cytopathology
- Autopsy
- Molecular pathology
- Forensic pathology
- Oral and maxillofacial pathology
- Gross examination
- Histopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Electron microscopy
- Immunofluorescence
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization
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| Clinical pathology |
- Clinical chemistry
- Hematopathology
- Transfusion medicine
- Medical microbiology
- Diagnostic immunology
- Immunopathology
- Enzyme assay
- Mass spectrometry
- Chromatography
- Flow cytometry
- Blood bank
- Microbiological culture
- Serology
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| Specific conditions |
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Botulinum toxin in masticatory muscles of the adult rat induces bone loss at the condyle and alveolar regions of the mandible associated with a bone proliferation at a muscle enthesis.
- Kün-Darbois JD1, Libouban H2, Chappard D3.
- Bone.Bone.2015 Aug;77:75-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.023. Epub 2015 Apr 7.
- In man, botulinum toxin type A (BTX) is injected in masticatory muscles for several indications such as trismus, bruxism, or masseter hypertrophy. Bone changes in the mandible following BTX injections in adult animal have therefore became a subject of interest. The aim of this study was to analyze c
- PMID 25857689
- Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis.
- De Falco M1, Lucariello A, Iaquinto S, Esposito V, Guerra G, De Luca A.
- Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Aug;230(8):1702-7. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24933.
- Helicobacter pylori infects 50% of mankind. The vast majority of H. pylori infection occurs in the developing countries where up to 80% of the middle-aged adults may be infected. Bacterial infection causes an inflammatory response that proceeds through a series of intermediated stages of precancerou
- PMID 25639461
- HMGB1 secretion during cervical carcinogenesis promotes the acquisition of a tolerogenic functionality by plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
- Demoulin S1, Herfs M1, Somja J2, Roncarati P1, Delvenne P2, Hubert P1.
- International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2015 Jul 15;137(2):345-58. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29389. Epub 2014 Dec 27.
- Acquisition of an impaired functionality by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) contributing to cancer progression has been documented in different types of cancers. In the present study, we postulate that molecules secreted by (pre)neoplastic epithelial cells of the genital tract (cervix/vulva) mig
- PMID 25492101
Japanese Journal
- Helicobacter pylori感染性胃炎により惹起される胃粘膜上皮のActivation-induced cytidine deaminase(AID)発現 : 胃癌ハイリスク群との関連 (特集 炎症と消化器癌)
- 胃癌ハイリスク群に対するH.pylori除菌治療 (特集 H.pyloriと胃癌の基礎と臨床)
Related Links
- Metaplasia (Greek: "change in form") is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or ...
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