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Dysgenics (also known as cacogenics) is the study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of defective or disadvantageous genes and traits in offspring of a particular population or species.[1][2] Dysgenic mutations have been studied in animals such as the mouse[3] and the fruit fly.[4][5] The term dysgenics was first used as an antonym of eugenics—the social philosophy of improving human hereditary qualities by social programs and government intervention.[6]
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Contents
- 1 Intelligence dysgenics
- 2 Dysgenics for other traits
- 3 Genetic disorders
- 4 Other counter-acting effects
- 5 In fiction
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
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Intelligence dysgenics
Further information: Fertility and intelligence
Much of the debate regarding dysgenics has been about a hypothesized decline in intelligence due to lower fertility of the more intelligent. It is unclear how environmental factors may limit IQ differently in different populations. While there may be a correlation between IQ and lower fertility,[citation needed] it is unclear whether that would have any effect on intelligence over generations.
Another factor is the effect of brain drain and brain gain due to selective immigration and emigration.[7]
Dysgenics for other traits
In 1996, Richard Lynn wrote Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations. He identified three main concerns of eugenicists, such as himself: deterioration in health, intelligence and conscientiousness. Lynn argued that natural selection in pre-industrial societies favored traits such as intelligence and character but no longer does so in modern societies.
Lynn in a 1995 study of a sample of British criminal convicts found that they had an average fertility of 3.91 children. The general population had an average fertility of 2.1.[8]
Other works by Lynn have been described as distorting and misrepresenting data[9][10][11] although others have favorably reviewed Lynn's work on dysgenics.[12][13][14]
The word "dysgenic" was first used, as an adjective, about 1915, by David Starr Jordan, describing the dysgenic effect of World War I.[15] Jordan believed that healthy men were as likely to die in modern warfare as anyone else, and that war killed only the physically healthy men of the populace whilst preserving the disabled at home.[16]
Genetic disorders
Improved medical and social care may possibly lead to increased incidence of genetic disorders. Practices such as genetic counselling and prenatal screening may counteract this effect.[17][18]
Other counter-acting effects
Lynn and Harvey (2008) suggest that designer babies may have an important counter-acting effect in the future. Initially this may be limited to wealthy couples, who may possibly travel abroad for the procedure if prohibited in their own country, and then gradually spread to increasingly larger groups. Alternatively, authoritarian states may decide to impose measures such as a licensing requirement for having a child, which would only be given to persons of a certain minimum intelligence[citation needed]. The Chinese one-child policy is an example of how fertility can be regulated by authoritarian means.[19]
In fiction
Cyril M. Kornbluth's 1951 short story The Marching Morons is an example of dysgenic fiction, describing a man who accidentally ends up in the distant future to find out that dysgenics has resulted in mass stupidity. Mike Judge's 2006 film Idiocracy has the same premise, with the main character the subject of a military hibernation experiment that goes awry, taking him 500 years into the future. While in the Kornbluth short story civilization is kept afloat by a small group of dedicated geniuses, their function has been replaced by automated systems in Idiocracy.[20]
See also
- Devolution (biological fallacy)
- Degeneration
- Societal collapse
- Social Darwinism
- List of congenital disorders
- "Our Fragile Intellect"
Notes
- ^ http://www.bartleby.com/61/60/D0446000.html
- ^ http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/dysgenics
- ^ Tanabe T, Beam KG, Powell JA, Numa S (November 1988). "Restoration of e xcitation-contraction coupling and slow calcium current in dysgenic muscle by dihydropyridine receptor complementary DNA". Nature 336 (6195): 134–9. doi:10.1038/336134a0. PMID 2903448. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6195/abs/336134a0.html.
- ^ Kidwell MG (March 1983). "Evolution of hybrid dysgenesis determinants in Drosophila melanogaster". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (6): 1655–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.6.1655. PMC 393661. PMID 6300863. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6300863.
- ^ Almeida LM, Carareto CMA (June 2002). "Gonadal hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila Sturtevanti (Diptera, Drosophilidae)". Iheringia, Sér. Zool. 92 (2). doi:10.1590/S0073-47212002000200007. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0073-47212002000200007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=.
- ^ "cacogenics". Freedictionary.com. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cacogenics. Retrieved 2008-06-29. "Cacogenics, the study of the operation of factors that cause degeneration in offspring, especially as applied to factors unique to separate races. Also called dysgenics."
- ^ National IQ Means Transformed from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Scores, and their Underlying Gene Frequencies, Volkmar Weiss, The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 1.34(2009): pp. 71-94
- ^ Lynn, R. (2008). "Dysgenic fertility for criminal behaviour". Journal of Biosocial Science 27 (4). doi:10.1017/S0021932000023014. edit
- ^ Leon K (February 1995). "The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life". Scientific American 272. http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html. "Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity."
- ^ Rosenthal S. "Academic Nazism". Department of Sociology, Hampton University. http://www.chss.montclair.edu/English/furr/steverbc.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ^ Berhanu G. "Black Intellectual Genocide: An Essay Review of IQ of Wealth of Nations" (PDF). Gotberg University, Sweden. http://edrev.asu.edu/essays/v10n6.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ^ Hamilton, W. D. (2000). "A review of Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations". Annals of Human Genetics 64 (4): 363–374. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/action/showPdf?submitPDF=Full+Text+PDF+%28190+KB%29&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ Loehlin JC (1999). "Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations, reviewed by John C. Loehlin" (fee required). Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. JSTOR 00027162.
- ^ Vining DR (1998). "Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations, reviewed by Daniel R. Vining, Jr" (fee required). Population Studies. JSTOR 00324728.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Jordan, David Starr (2003 (Reprint)). War and the Breed: The Relation of War to the Downfall of Nations. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-0900-8.
- ^ Holloway, S. M.; Smith, C. (1975). "Effects of various medical and social pracitices on the frequency of genetic disorders". American Journal of Human Genetics 27 (5): 614–627. PMC 1762830. PMID 1163536. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762830/. edit
- ^ Matsunaga, E. (1983). "Perspectives in mutation epidemiology: 5. Modern medical practice versus environmental mutagens: Their possible dysgenic impact". Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology 114 (3): 449–457. doi:10.1016/0165-1110(83)90040-4. edit
- ^ Lynn, R.; Harvey, J. (2008). "The decline of the world's IQ". Intelligence 36 (2): 112. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.004. edit
- ^ Mitchell, Dan (2006-09-09). "Shying away from Degeneracy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/09/business/09online.html. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
Further reading
- Devlin, Bernie; Fienberg, Stephen E.; Resnick, Daniel P. et al., eds. (1997). Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to the Bell Curve. New York (NY): Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94986-4. Lay summary (13 November 2010).
- Neisser, Ulric, ed. (1998). The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. APA Science Volume Series. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-55798-503-3.
External links