WordNet

sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
of or relating to a chorion; "a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion"
the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
(動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/26 20:28:39」(JST)

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Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963.^[2]

Structure

hPL molecular mass is 22,125 and contains single chain consisting of 191 amino acid residues that are linked by two disulfide bonds and the structure contains 8 helices. A crystal structure of hPL was determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 Å.^[1]

Levels

hPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes.

Physiologic function

hPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism in the following manners:

In a bioassay hPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear whether hPL has any role in human lactation.
Metabolic
- ↓ maternal insulin sensitivity leading to an increase in maternal blood glucose levels.
- ↓ maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition (the mother responds by increasing beta cells). Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in hPL.
- ↑ lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids. With fasting and release of hPL, free fatty acids become available for the maternal organism as fuel, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. Also, ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus.

These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition.

hPL is a potent agonist of the prolactin receptor and a weak agonist of the growth hormone receptor.^[3]

Prolactin-like activity

hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal affinity to that of prolactin in rabbit milk fat gobule membrane, and hPL and prolactin have been found to possess very similar lactogenic activity in vitro in mouse and rat mammary gland explants.^[4] In addition, hPL has been found to stimulate DNA synthesis in human mammary fibroadenoma cells transplanted into mice, which suggests that hPL promotes the growth of the human mammary gland similarly to prolactin.^[4] As hPL circulates at concentrations that are 100-fold higher than those of prolactin during pregnancy, these findings suggest that hPL may play an important role in human mammogenesis during this time.^[4] However, the relative affinities of hPL and prolactin for the human prolactin receptor have yet to be published and the effects of hPL on normal human mammary epithelial tissue have not yet been investigated, and so a definitive role of hPL in human mammary gland development during pregnancy has not been established at present.^[4]

Growth hormone-like activity

hPL has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone, but 100 times more hPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth.^[5] An enhancer for the human placental lactogen gene is found 2 kb downstream of the gene and participates in the cell-specific control gene expression.

Clinical measurement

While hPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal testing methods have been found to be more reliable.^{[citation needed]} Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of hPL.

References

^ ^a ^b PDB: 1Z7C; Walsh ST, Kossiakoff AA (May 2006). "Crystal structure and site 1 binding energetics of human placental lactogen". J. Mol. Biol. 358 (3): 773–84. PMID 16546209. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.038.
^ Josimovich JB, Atwood BL, Goss DA (October 1963). "Luteotrophic, Immunologic and Electrophoretic Properties of Human Placental Lactogen". Endocrinology. 73: 410–20. PMID 14068826. doi:10.1210/endo-73-4-410.
^ J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot (25 February 2015). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2490–. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Margaret Neville (11 November 2013). Lactation: Physiology, Nutrition, and Breast-Feeding. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-1-4613-3688-4.
^ Guyton and Hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1033. ISBN 81-8147-920-3. This hormone has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone.

"RCSB Protein Data Bank - Structure Summary for 1Z7C - Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen".
"Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Enhancer Function Is Mediated by Cooperative Binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to Multiple, Low-Affinity Binding Sites".

External links

Human Placental Lactogen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 妊娠に対する母体の内分泌系および代謝の適応 maternal endocrine and metabolic adaptation to pregnancy
2. 胎盤の発達および生理学 placental development and physiology
3. 妊娠女性における1型および2型糖尿病の内科的管理 medical management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women
4. 妊娠性絨毛性疾患：病理 gestational trophoblastic disease pathology
5. 妊娠中の糖尿病のスクリーニングおよび診断 screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy

English Journal

Mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism in the placenta with gestational diabetes mellitus: role of miR-143.

Muralimanoharan S1, Maloyan A1, Myatt L2.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2016 Jun 1;130(11):931-41. doi: 10.1042/CS20160076. Epub 2016 Mar 18.
A predisposing factor for development of the hyperglycaemic state of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is obesity. We previously showed that increasing maternal obesity is associated with significant reductions in placental mitochondrial respiration. MicroRNA (miR)-143 has been previously shown to
PMID 26993250

Prolactin and pregnancy in mice and humans.

Binart N1.
Annales d'endocrinologie.Ann Endocrinol (Paris).2016 May 4. pii: S0003-4266(16)30025-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.008. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 27155773

Development of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-deficient pregnancies.

Baker CM1, Goetzmann LN1, Cantlon JD1, Jeckel KM1, Winger QA1, Anthony RV2.
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.2016 May 1;310(9):R837-46. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00311.2015. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (CSH), a placenta-specific secretory product found at high concentrations in maternal and fetal circulation throughout gestation, is significantly reduced in human and s
PMID 26887431

Japanese Journal

Similarities and Differences in Reproductive Endocrinology Between Non-Human Primates and Humans

Congenital anomalies 39(4), 209-222, 1999-12-31
NAID 110002786117

Molecular Genetic Analyses of RFLPs for PCR-Amplified Growth Hormone Gene, Renal Kallikrein Gene and Atrial Natriuretic Factor Gene in Essential Hypertension.

Hypertension Research 16(2), 113-120, 1993
NAID 130003456144

Monoclonal Antibodies which Preferentially Bind to 22K Human Growth Hormone Rather than Its 20k Variant.

Endocrinologia Japonica 36(4), 481-490, 1989
NAID 130000952673

Related Pictures

Human placental lactogen. Causes, symptoms, treatment Human placental lactogen Fetal membranes 3 hormonal and metabolic changes during pregnancy PPT - Lecture 24 Embryonic & Fetal Development PowerPoint Presentation - ID:300393 Placental function Growth hormone Placenta as an endocrine organ Placental hormones lec by liza tarca, md

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ヒト絨毛性乳腺刺激ホルモン」「ヒト絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン」
関連記事	「human」「chorionic」「chorionic somatomammotropin」

「ヒト絨毛性乳腺刺激ホルモン」

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH2
Entrez	1443
HUGO	2441
OMIM	118820
PDB	1Z7C
RefSeq	NM_020991
UniProt	P01243
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (human placental lactogen)
	Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen.
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH1
Entrez	1442
HUGO	2440
OMIM	150200
RefSeq	NM_001317
UniProt	Q6PF11
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24

　　[★]

英: human chorionic somatomammotropin, hCS
同: ヒト絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン
関: 絨毛性乳腺刺激ホルモン絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン chorionic somatomammotropin

「ヒト絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン」

　　[★]

英: human chorionic somatomammotropin, hCS
関: ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン

「human」

　　[★]

n.

ヒト

adj.

ヒトの、ヒト型の

関: ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human being、human race、human-type、man、Pongidae

「chorionic」

　　[★]

chori,chorio- 絨毛膜。脈絡膜

adj.

絨毛膜の

関: chorion、egg membrane、serosa、serosal、serous membrane、trophoblastic

「chorionic somatomammotropin」

　　[★] 絨毛性ソマトマンモトロピン

[pmid16546209-1] PDB: 1Z7C; Walsh ST, Kossiakoff AA (May 2006). "Crystal structure and site 1 binding energetics of human placental lactogen". J. Mol. Biol. 358 (3): 773–84. PMID 16546209. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.038.

[pmid14068826-2] Josimovich JB, Atwood BL, Goss DA (October 1963). "Luteotrophic, Immunologic and Electrophoretic Properties of Human Placental Lactogen". Endocrinology. 73: 410–20. PMID 14068826. doi:10.1210/endo-73-4-410.

[JamesonGroot2015-3] J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot (25 February 2015). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2490–. ISBN 978-0-323-32195-2.

[Neville2013-4] Margaret Neville (11 November 2013). Lactation: Physiology, Nutrition, and Breast-Feeding. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-1-4613-3688-4.

[isbn81-8147-920-3-5] Guyton and Hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1033. ISBN 81-8147-920-3. This hormone has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone.

v t e GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators
GH (somatotropin)	Agonists: Albusomatropin Bovine somatotropin Efpegsomatropin Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) Somagrebove Somapacitan Somatosalm Somatotropin Somatropin pegol Somatrem Sometribove Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP) Somavaratan Somavubove Somidobove Antagonists: G120K-hGH Pegvisomant Antisense oligonucleotides: Atesidorsen Binding proteins: GHBP
GHIH (somatostatin)	Agonists: BIM-23052 CH-275 Cortistatin-14 Depreotide Edotreotide Ilatreotide L-803,087 L-817,818 Lanreotide NNC 26-9100 Octreotate Octreotide Pasireotide Pentetreotide RC-160 Seglitide Somatostatin (GHIH) Somatostatin (1-28) SRIF-14 SRIF-28 TT-232 Vapreotide Veldoreotide Antagonists: BIM-23056 Cyclosomatostatin CYN-154806 Satoreotide
GHRH (somatocrinin)	Agonists: Peptide: ALRN-5281 CJC-1295 Dumorelin GHRH Modified GRF (1-29) Rismorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Tesamorelin Antagonists: MZ-5-156
GHS (ghrelin)	Agonists: Peptide: Alexamorelin Cortistatin-14 EP-51216 Examorelin (hexarelin) Ghrelin GHRP-1 GHRP-3 GHRP-4 GHRP-5 GHRP-6 Ipamorelin Lenomorelin LY-444711 Pralmorelin (GHRP-2) Relamorelin Tabimorelin Ulimorelin; Non-peptide: Adenosine Anamorelin Capromorelin CP-464709 Ibutamoren (MK-677) L-692,585 Macimorelin SM-130686; Unsorted: LY-426410 LY-444711 Antagonists: A-778193 Cortistatin-8 (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 JMV2959 YIL-781
IGF-1 (somatomedin)	See here instead.
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

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案内

human chorionic somatomammotropin