horn fly

ノサシバエ

関

Haematobia irritans、housefly、Musca domestica、Muscidae、stable fly、Stomoxys calcitrans

WordNet

1. common fly that frequents human habitations and spreads many diseases (同)house fly, Musca_domestica
2. two-winged flies especially the housefly (同)family Muscidae
3. travel over (an area of land or sea) in an aircraft; "Lindbergh was the first to fly the Atlantic"
4. (baseball) a hit that flies up in the air (同)fly_ball
5. an opening in a garment that is closed by a zipper or by buttons concealed under a fold of cloth (同)fly front
6. fishermans lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect
7. two-winged insects characterized by active flight
8. operate an airplane; "The pilot flew to Cuba" (同)aviate, pilot
9. pass away rapidly; "Time flies like an arrow"; "Time fleeing beneath him" (同)fell, vanish
10. travel through the air; be airborne; "Man cannot fly" (同)wing
11. (British informal) not to be deceived or hoodwinked
12. be dispersed or disseminated; "Rumors and accusations are flying"
13. cause to fly or float; "fly a kite"
14. change quickly from one emotional state to another; "fly into a rage"
15. display in the air or cause to float; "fly a kite"; "All nations fly their flags in front of the U.N."
16. hit a fly
17. move quickly or suddenly; "He flew about the place"
18. transport by aeroplane; "We fly flowers from the Caribbean to North America"
19. travel in an airplane; "she is flying to Cincinnati tonight"; "Are we driving or flying?"
20. stab or pierce with a horn or tusk; "the rhino horned the explorer" (同)tusk
21. the material (mostly keratin) that covers the horns of ungulates and forms hooves and claws and nails
22. a high pommel of a Western saddle (usually metal covered with leather) (同)saddle horn
23. a device having the shape of a horn; "horns at the ends of a new moon"; "the hornof an anvil"; "the cleat had two horns"
24. a noisemaker (as at parties or games) that makes a loud noise when you blow through it
25. an alarm device that makes a loud warning sound
26. any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn
27. one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates
28. a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning;
29. throw with force or recklessness; "fling the frisbee"
30. the act of flinging
31. move in an abrupt or headlong manner; "He flung himself onto the sofa"
32. hurried and brief; "paid a flying visit"; "took a flying glance at the book"; "a quick inspection"; "a fast visit" (同)quick, fast
33. having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind; "horned viper"; "great horned owl"; "the unicorn--a mythical horned beast"; "long-horned cattle"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. イエバエ
2. 〈鳥などが〉『飛ぶ』 / 〈人が〉『飛行機で飛ぶ』,飛行する;〈飛行機などが〉飛ぶ / (風などで)〈物が〉空中を飛ぶ / (風に)〈旗・髪などが〉ひるがえる,なびく / 《副詞[句]を伴なって》『飛ぶように動く』(走る) / (ある状態・位置から)急に(…に)なる《+『形』〈補〉》;ぱっと(…)する《+『into』+『名』》 / (野球で)フライを打つ;〈ボールが〉フライになる / 《話》急いで立ち去る / 逃げる / (空中に)〈たこ・鳥など〉‘を'『飛ばす』 / 〈旗〉を揚げる,翻す / 〈飛行機など〉‘を'飛ばす,操縦する / (人・物が)…‘を'飛行機で飛ぶ / 〈飛行便〉‘を'利用する / 〈人・物〉‘を'空輸する / ボタン隠し,ファスナー隠し(服のボタンやファスナーを隠す布) / (野球の)飛球,フライ(=fly ball) / (テントの入口の)垂れ幕 / 飛行,飛ぶこと
3. 『ハエ』;ハエと同類の昆虫 / (釣りに用いる)蚊針,毛針
4. 抜け目のない,はしこい
5. 〈C〉(牛・羊・ヤギ・シカなどの)『角』;(カタツムリの)触角;(ミミズクの)耳 / 〈U〉(細工の材料としての)角 / 〈C〉角製の物,角笛 / 〈C〉『警笛』 / 〈C〉ホルン(金管楽器で,初めは動物の角で作ったが,現在は金属やプラスチックで作る);フレンチホルモン(French horn);《俗》トランペット / 〈C〉角状のもの;新月(三日月)のとがった先端 / …‘を'角で突く / 角でできた,角製の
6. 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『投げる』,ほうり出す / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈頭・腕・身体など〉‘を'投げかける,投げるように動かす / (ほうり出すように)急に(荒々しく)動く / (…を)『振って投げること』;振り動かすこと《+『of』+『名』》 / (定期間の)したいほうだい,かって気まま / 身ぶりの活発なスコットランドのダンス
7. 飛ぶ,飛行する / ひらひらする,翻る:flying flags翻る旗 / 飛ぶように速い / 《名詞の前のみの用いて》大急ぎの / 飛ぶこと,飛行
8. 《しばしば複合語を作って》「…のある」の意を表す / 《古》三日月形をした

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/06 12:39:09」(JST)

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Haematobia irritans
Haematobia irritans on horse
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Muscidae
Genus:	Haematobia
Species:	H. irritans
Binomial name
Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Conops irritans Linnaeus, 1758 Haematobia serrata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Haematobia irritans, the horn fly, is a small fly (about half the size of a common housefly) described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is of the genus Haematobia which is the European genus of bloodsucking flies. Haematobia irritans is a native of Europe but has been introduced to North America and is considered a potentially dangerous livestock pest.

Appearance

H. irritans is the smallest of the biting muscids, gray in color, approximately  ³⁄₁₆ in (4.0 mm) in length. Both the male and female have slender, black, piercing mouthparts which project forward from the bottom of the head. They often aggregate densely on cattle, each fly oriented with its head in the same direction as hair tips of that site on the host. Horn flies typically have eyes that are dark reddish-brown.

Egg laying, habitat and feeding

The horn fly lays eggs in fresh cow manure, and the female is known to lay her eggs in the feces before the cow has even completed defecation.

The larvae remain in fresh pats of the animal's dung and feed on both the resident bacterium and the compositions of the decomposition products of the resident bacterium.

The adult will finds a suitable host and remains on it and others in the same herd for life, with the female only leaving to lay her eggs. Horn flies will also move around to different areas on the same animal to regulate their temperature and minimize their exposure to the wind. Both the male and the female subsist completely on blood, using their sharp mouthparts to pierce the animal's hide to suck it out.

Males typically feed around 20 times and females around 40 times daily, and when not feeding they tend to rest around the horn region of the host.

Stages of development

The horn fly undergoes complete metamorphosis, and has four major stages of development:

The first stage is the egg, which is laid in fresh feces, and hatches quickly. The resulting larval (maggot) stage, which consists of three larval instars (wingless), develops quickly and can last as little as four days. This is followed by the still immature pupa stage (also wingless) which lasts around six to eight days and finally the mature, winged adult stage.

Generational time may be as little as ten days under ideal conditions, but under less favorable circumstances can average between 14 and 18 days.

Danger to livestock

The horn fly, as can be gleaned from its taxonomic designation Haematobia irritans, is an irritant to livestock. Beyond this, incessant biting is compounded by loss of blood, and results in such detrimental effects on host physiology as to include reduction in milk production, efficiency, and rate of gain. If the host is infested with a large number of flies, the resulting skin irritation and wounds may result in the drawing of a secondary infestation of myasis producing flies. There is some controversy over whether the horn fly is a disease vector, with at least one source asserting that the flies can be an intermediate host of Stephanofilaria stilesi, a parasite of cattle in North America.

Domestic animals affected

Primarily livestock (specifically cattle) but is known to feed on horses, sheep and goats, albeit to a lesser extent.

Range

The horn fly is known as a strong flier, and upon emerging as adults they can fly up to 10 miles to find a host. However, most often a horn fly will not have to fly more than three miles to find a host.

Seasonality and locality

Found primarily in and around the states surrounding Kansas. Haematobia irritans is not native to the U.S. and originally came from Europe. It can live in any similarly climatized area, as evidenced by its most recent spread to Argentina and Uruguay. In the U.S., the active time of the horn fly is between April and October and, in a warm fall, even as late as mid-November. The flies are often most abundant from June through mid-July with a second population peak in mid-to-late August.

Management

Insecticidal eartag

Due to the level of damage an infestation can result in, much has been done over the years in the effort to manage, reduce, and eliminate the horn fly. Traditional methods were through the use of pour-ons, backrubbers and face powder bags, with products such as Co-Ral which is available as dust for face/horn flies. Self-applicator methods such as dust bags and backrubbers are used mainly for range or pasture herds, and are placed so that the animal cannot avoid coming into contact with it, such as at a gate through which animals pass. More recently, control of the horn fly by using ear tags on cattle has been extremely successful. The ear tags are made of a PVC matrix impregnated with pyrethroid, and can be effective for between 16 and 24 weeks. Originally, the ear tags were developed and used against such pests as ticks and by 1983 50% of cattle had ear tags. Long periods of such dosing resulted in the elimination of 95-99% of susceptible flies, but this strong selective pressure ended up resulting in the development of resistant strains of the flies. To combat this, the use of organophosphates and piperonyl butoxide as a synergist are now recommended to be alternated with pyrethroid to help slow resistance. In addition, methoprene in the form of sustained release bolus (a rounded mass of food or pharmaceutical preparation ready to swallow) inhibits the emergence of an adult insect from a pupal case or an insect larva from an egg for up to 7 months. New research (2011) has shown essential oil vapors from 16 species of Eucalyptus to have toxicity against Haematobia irritans.

Mutations and known variations

A white-eyed "albino" horn fly was discovered in a colony maintained at the Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory in Kerrville, Texas. This is apparently a spontaneous mutation, as tests including crosses were performed that determined the white-eye mutation was not sex-linked and the white-eyed flies actually have decreased amounts of eye pigment present within the head. This appears to be an inherited simple Mendelian autosomal recessive with complete penetrance. A colony of white-eyed horn flies was established from this single individual and has been maintained in the laboratory as visible genetic markers such as an eye color mutation in an economically important species like the horn fly may be useful for behavior and population dynamic studies, as well as release and recapture studies. No other differences from the wild-type flies were detected in the external characteristics of the mutant phenotype or in egg viability. However, white-eyed flies had significantly lower amounts of the pigment dihydroxyxanthommatin in their heads suggesting either the lack of xanthommatin production, or a failure of transport and storage within the head of the mutant phenotype.

References

Notes

• Kansas State Research and Information
• Robert Hutchinson's Insects of Veterinary Importance
• University of São Paulo, Veterinary Parasitology
• Lohmeyer, K.H., Kammlah, D.M., Pruett Jr, J.H. (2006). "White eye color mutant in Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (5): 966–8. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[966:WECMIH]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0013-8746.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Guglielmone AA, Gimeno E, Idiart J, et al. (July 1999). "Skin lesions and cattle hide damage from Haematobia irritans infestations". Med. Vet. Entomol. 13 (3): 324–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00167.x. PMID 10514060. 

External links

• Haematobia irritans irritans on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Muscidae」「housefly」「Musca domestica」「stable fly」「Haematobia irritans」
関連記事	「fly」「horn」

「Muscidae」

　　[★]

イエバエ科

• エバエ科

関

Haematobia irritans、horn fly、housefly、Musca domestica、stable fly、Stomoxys calcitrans

　

「housefly」

　　[★]

イエバエ

関

Haematobia irritans、horn fly、Musca domestica、muscid、Muscidae、stable fly、Stomoxys calcitrans

　 　

「Musca domestica」

　　[★]

イエバエ

関

Haematobia irritans、horn fly、housefly、muscid、Muscidae、stable fly、Stomoxys calcitrans

「stable fly」

　　[★]

サシバエ

関

Haematobia irritans、horn fly、housefly、Musca domestica、Muscidae、Stomoxys calcitrans

「Haematobia irritans」

　　[★]

ノサシバエ

関

horn fly、housefly、Musca domestica、Muscidae、stable fly、Stomoxys calcitrans

「fly」

　　[★]

ハエ、飛ぶ

関

Diptera、true fly

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「horn」

　　[★]

• n.

• 角、触角

関

angle、angular、corner