WordNet

that which has mass and occupies space; "physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it"
a vaguely specified concern; "several matters to attend to"; "it is none of your affair"; "things are going well" (同)affair, thing
(used with negation) having consequence; "they were friends and it was no matter who won the games"
a problem; "is anything the matter?"
written works (especially in books or magazines); "he always took some reading matter with him on the plane"
United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwins theories of evolution (1810-1888) (同)Asa Gray
English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) (同)Louis Harold Gray
American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) (同)Robert Gray
English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) (同)Thomas Gray
the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad (同)Gy
a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black (同)grayness, grey, greyness
a mixture of sulfides that forms when sulfide metal ores are smelted

PrepTutorEJDIC

(大脳の)灰白質 / 《話》知力,頭脳
〈U〉『物質』,物体(個体・液体のいづれの状態も含む) / 〈U〉《修飾語を伴って》…体,…質,…素 / 〈C〉(論議・関心の的となる)『事柄』,『問題』;(…に関わる)事,(…で決まる)問題《+『of』(まれ『for』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉《the~》(漠然と)(…にとって)困った事,やっかいな事,事故,支障《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈U〉『重大事』,重要性(importance),関心法 / 〈U〉(演説・論文などの)内容《+『of』++『名』》;(演説などの)題材《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語を伴って》…郵便物,…印刷物 / 〈U〉(傷口から出る)うみ(pus) / 『重要である』,大切である

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/13 17:45:52」(JST)

wiki en

Grey matter (or gray matter) (lat. Substantia grisea) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes) and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that grey matter contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts and contains relatively very few cell bodies.^[1] The color difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey color with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.^[2]

Function

Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control. While 20% of all oxygen taken in by the body goes to the brain, 95% of that goes specifically into the grey matter.^[3]

Distribution

Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia - putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei - dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei) and spinal grey matter (anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn). Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.^[4]

Research

Volume and cognition in elderly people

Significant positive correlations have been found between grey matter volume in elderly persons and measures of semantic and short-term memory. No significant correlations with white matter volume were found. These results suggest that individual variability in specific cognitive functions that are relatively well preserved with ageing is accounted for by the variability of grey matter volume in healthy elderly subjects.^[5]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Volume associated with bipolar disorder

Some structural differences in grey matter may be associated with psychiatric disorders. There was no difference in whole-brain grey matter volume between patients with bipolar I disorder and healthy controls. Subjects with bipolar I disorder had smaller volumes in the left inferior parietal lobule, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and left caudate. Only the volume of the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with duration of illness and the number of episodes in patients.^[6]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Effects of smoking

Older smokers lose grey matter and cognitive function at a greater rate than non-smokers. Chronic smokers who quit during the study lost fewer brain cells and retained better intellectual function than those who continued to smoke.^[7]^{[unreliable medical source]}

History

Etymology

In the current edition^[8] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.^[9] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.^[9] Alternative designations like substantia cana ^[10] and substantia cinerea ^[11] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,^[12] can mean grey,^[9] or greyish white.^[13] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-colored.^[12]

Additional images

Human brain right dissected lateral view
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).

References

^ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
^ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2003) page 49
^ Miller, A. K. H.; Alston, Corsellis (28 June 2008). "VARIATION WITH AGE IN THE VOLUMES OF GREY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES OF MAN: MEASUREMENTS WITH AN IMAGE ANALYSER". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6 (2): 119–132. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00283.x. PMID 7374914.
^ Sowell, Elizabeth; Thompson, Tessner, Toga (15 November 2001). "Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation". The Journal of Neuroscience. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Taki, Y; Kinomura, S; Sato, K; Goto, R; Wu, K; Kawashima, R; Fukuda, H (March 2011). "Correlation between gray/white matter volume and cognition in healthy elderly people.". Brain and cognition 75 (2): 170–176. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.11.008. PMID 21131121. |accessdate= requires |url= (help) (subscription required)
^ Li, M; Cui, L; Deng, W; Ma, X; Huang, C; Jiang, L; Wang, Y; Collier, DA; Gong, Q; Li, T (February 28, 2011). "Voxel-based morphometric analysis on the volume of gray matter in bipolar I disorder". Psychiatry Res 191 (2): 92–97. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.09.006. PMID 21236649. |accessdate= requires |url= (help) (subscription required)
^ "Smoking causes brain cell loss and cognitive decline". The University of Western Australia. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
^ ^a ^b ^c Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
^ Triepel, H. (1910). Nomina Anatomica. Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen. Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
^ Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Stearn, W.T. (1983). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary. (3rd edition). Newton Abbot London: David Charles.

External links

Gray+matter at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 消失性白質疾患（Vanishing white matter disease） vanishing white matter disease
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English Journal

Impact of lingual gyrus volume on antidepressant response and neurocognitive functions in Major Depressive Disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study.

Jung J1, Kang J2, Won E3, Nam K4, Lee MS2, Tae WS5, Ham BJ6.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2014 Dec 1;169:179-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.018. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
BACKGROUND: Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has demonstrated structural brain changes between patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and healthy individuals. The initial response to antidepressants is crucial to predict prognosis in the treatment of MDD. The aim of the present study was to inve
PMID 25200096

Fusion of white and gray matter geometry: A framework for investigating brain development.

Savadjiev P1, Rathi Y2, Bouix S2, Smith AR3, Schultz RT4, Verma R3, Westin CF5.
Medical image analysis.Med Image Anal.2014 Dec;18(8):1349-60. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2014.06.013. Epub 2014 Jul 8.
Current neuroimaging investigation of the white matter typically focuses on measurements derived from diffusion tensor imaging, such as fractional anisotropy (FA). In contrast, imaging studies of the gray matter oftentimes focus on morphological features such as cortical thickness, folding and surfa
PMID 25066750

Gender-specific neuroanatomical basis of behavioral inhibition/approach systems (BIS/BAS) in a large sample of young adults: A voxel-based morphometric investigation.

Li Y1, Qiao L1, Sun J1, Wei D1, Li W1, Qiu J1, Zhang Q2, Shi H3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Nov 1;274:400-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.041. Epub 2014 Aug 27.
The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS) are two fundamental motivational systems which are not only responsible for affective states, behavior and personality, but also related to predispositions for various forms of psychopathology. A wide range of previous
PMID 25172180

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「灰白質」「substantia grisea」
拡張検索	「periaqueductal gray matter」「peri-aqueductal gray matter」
関連記事	「matter」「gray」「matt」

「灰白質」

Grey matter
	The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Grey matter labeled at center right.)
	Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (right of image - dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain.
Latin	Substantia grisea
Dorlands; /Elsevier	Grey matter
TA	A14.1.00.002
FMA	FMA:67242
	Anatomical terminology