substantia grisea

灰白質

関

gray matter

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/24 20:01:10」(JST)

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For other uses, see Grey Matter (disambiguation).

Grey matter
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Gray matter labeled at center right.)
Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (right of image - dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain.
Latin	Substantia grisea
Code	TA A14.1.00.002
Dorlands/Elsevier	Gray matter

Grey matter (or gray matter) (lat. Substantia grisea) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes) and capillaries. Grey matter contains neural cell bodies, in contrast to white matter, which does not and mostly contains myelinated axon tracts. The color difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a grey-brown color, which comes from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.

Function

Grey matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, and speech.

Distribution

Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia - putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei - dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei) and spinal grey matter (anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn).

Research

Volume and cognition in elderly people

Significant positive correlations have been found between grey matter volume in elderly persons and measures of semantic and short-term memory. No significant correlations with white matter volume were found. These results suggest that individual variability in specific cognitive functions that are relatively well preserved with ageing is accounted for by the variability of gray matter volume in healthy elderly subjects.

Volume associated with bipolar disorder

Some structural differences in grey matter may be associated with psychiatric disorders. There was no difference in whole-brain grey matter volume between patients with bipolar I disorder and healthy controls. Subjects with bipolar I disorder had smaller volumes in the left inferior parietal lobule, right superior temporal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and left caudate. Only the volume of the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with duration of illness and the number of episodes in patients.

Effects of smoking

Older smokers lose grey matter and cognitive function at a greater rate than non-smokers. Chronic smokers who quit during the study lost fewer brain cells and retained better intellectual function than those who continued to smoke.

Effects of child abuse

Adolescents who were subjected to abuse and neglect appear to have decreased gray matter in the prefrontal cortex.

See also

• Gray matter heterotopia
• Neuropil
• Rexed laminae
• Substantia nigra
• White matter

Additional images

• Human brain right dissected lateral view

• Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).

References

External links

• Gray+matter at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 真菌性菌腫 eumycetoma
• 2. パーキンソン病の病因および発症機序 etiology and pathogenesis of parkinson disease
• 3. 小児における運動減少性運動障害 bradykinetic movement disorders in children
• 4. レビー小体型認知症の疫学、病理学、および病因 epidemiology pathology and pathogenesis of dementia with lewy bodies
• 5. 再発性多発性軟骨炎の病理 pathology of relapsing polychondritis

English Journal

• Dopamine binds to alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the song control system of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata).

• Cornil CA1, Castelino CB, Ball GF.Author information 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. Charlotte.Cornil@ulg.ac.beAbstractA commonly held view is that dopamine exerts its effects via binding to D1- and D2-dopaminergic receptors. However, recent data have emerged supporting the existence of a direct interaction of dopamine with adrenergic but this interaction has been poorly investigated. In this study, the pharmacological basis of possible in vivo interactions between dopamine and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors was investigated in zebra finches. A binding competition study showed that dopamine displaces the binding of the alpha(2)-adrenergic ligand, [(3)H]RX821002, in the brain. The affinity of dopamine for the adrenergic sites does not differ between the sexes and is 10- to 28-fold lower than that for norepinephrine. To assess the anatomical distribution of this interaction, binding competitions were performed on brain slices incubated in 5nM [(3)H]RX821002 in the absence of any competitor or in the presence of norepinephrine [0.1microM] or dopamine [1microM]. Both norepinephrine and dopamine displaced the binding of the radioligand though to a different extent in most of the regions studied (e.g., area X, the lateral part of the magnocellular nucleus of anterior nidopallium, HVC, arcopallium dorsale, ventral tegmental area and substantia grisea centralis) but not in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium. Together these data provide evidence for a direct interaction between dopamine and adrenergic receptors in songbird brains albeit with regional variation.
• Journal of chemical neuroanatomy.J Chem Neuroanat.2008 Mar;35(2):202-15. Epub 2007 Nov 4.
• A commonly held view is that dopamine exerts its effects via binding to D1- and D2-dopaminergic receptors. However, recent data have emerged supporting the existence of a direct interaction of dopamine with adrenergic but this interaction has been poorly investigated. In this study, the pharmacologi
• PMID 18155403

• Magnetization transfer ratio in neuro-Behçet disease.

• Anik Y1, Kural Z, Demirci A, Akansel G, Aksu S, Vural M.Author information 1Department of Radiology, University of Kocaeli, School of Medicine, 41900, Derince, Kocaeli, Turkey. yoncaakgoz@hotmail.comAbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the contribution of magnetization transfer ratios (MTRs) in detecting disease in normal-appearing brain regions of patients with neuro-Behçet (NB) disease. Thirty-two patients with NB disease were assessed. Fifteen healthy volunteers were examined as the control group. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the head was performed without and with magnetization transfer (MT) contrast. Signal intensity measurements were obtained from ten anatomical regions (centrum semiovale, corona radiata, internal capsule, forceps major, forceps minor, thalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars grisea, inferior pons and middle cerebellar peduncle) in both groups. Also measured in the NB group were parenchymal lesions in the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebral deep white matter. MTR was calculated for each measurement. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney U and independent t-tests with computer-based SPSS 11.0 for Windows software. A P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean MTR of the parenchymal lesions in the NB group was lower than the mean MTR of the normal-appearing parenchyma in both the NB patients and the normal group. For the normal-appearing parenchyma the mean MTR in the NB group was higher than that for the controls for all regions except the corona radiata; however, the difference was statistically significant only for the thalamus. The MRI-visible parenchymal involvement of Behçet's disease causes a decrease in MTR. For the normal-appearing brain, although lacking statistical significance for the most regions studied, the tendency for higher MTR in NB patients compared with controls may offer an insight into the pathophysiology of Behçet's disease.
• Neuroradiology.Neuroradiology.2005 Feb;47(2):108-13. Epub 2005 Jan 20.
• The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of magnetization transfer ratios (MTRs) in detecting disease in normal-appearing brain regions of patients with neuro-Behçet (NB) disease. Thirty-two patients with NB disease were assessed. Fifteen healthy volunteers were examined as the contr
• PMID 15660248

• The central mesencephalic grey in birds: nucleus intercollicularis and substantia grisea centralis.

• Dubbeldam JL1, den Boer-Visser AM.Author information 1Evolutionary Morphology, IEES, Leiden University, The, Leiden, Netherlands. dubbeldam@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nlAbstractThe question discussed in this paper is, whether the dorsomedial part of the intercollicular nucleus and central mesencephalic grey of birds are comparable to (parts of) the periaqueductal grey in mammals. The mammalian periaqueductal grey, and the avian dorsomedial part of the intercollicular nucleus + central mesencephalic grey are each part of pathways in control of functions such as vocalization and sexual behavior. The connectivity and histochemical features of the dorsomedial intercollicular nucleus and central mesencephalic grey are partly different and also differ partly from those of the mammalian periaqueductal grey. It is suggested that these areas in mammals and birds form comparable links in the emotional motor pathway that has been defined before in mammals.
• Brain research bulletin.Brain Res Bull.2002 Feb-Mar 1;57(3-4):349-52.
• The question discussed in this paper is, whether the dorsomedial part of the intercollicular nucleus and central mesencephalic grey of birds are comparable to (parts of) the periaqueductal grey in mammals. The mammalian periaqueductal grey, and the avian dorsomedial part of the intercollicular nucle
• PMID 11922987

Japanese Journal

• Effects of clonidine, .ALPHA.-methyldopa and hydralazine on met-enkephalinergic neurons in cerebral nuclei of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

• NAKAMURA Keiji,HAYASHI Tetsuo,NAKAJIMA Tohru
• The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 38(1), 49-63, 1985
• … intercalatus and substantia grisea centralis, and they decreased them in the n. …
• NAID 130000834913

• Localized effects of naloxone on local cerebral glucose utilization in rat cerebral nuclei with Met-enkephalinergic neurons.

• HAYASHI Tetsuo,NAKAMURA Keiji
• The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 36(3), 339-348, 1984
• … dorsalis nervi vagi, substantia grisea centralis, n. …
• NAID 130000835034

• Cerebral acting maps of hydralazine, clonidine, and .ALPHA.-methyldopa in spontaneously hypertensive rats as demonstrated by the 14C-deoxy-d-glucose method.

• Hayashi Tetsuo,Nakamura Keiji
• The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 32(5), 855-865, 1982
• … tegmenti ventralis, substantia reticularis mesencephali, some hypothalamic periventricular nuclei, amygdala nuclei, and n. … reticularis thalami and decreased it in the substantia nigra pars compacta and grisea centralis, n. …
• NAID 130000835392

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「灰白質」「脊髄灰白質」

「灰白質」

　　[★]

英

gray matter, gray substance

ラ

substantia grisea

関

脊髄灰白質、脊髄、大脳、小脳

大脳の灰白質

KH. 383

脊髄の灰白質

KH. 90

「脊髄灰白質」

　　[★]

英

spinal gray matter

ラ

substantia grisea