For other uses, see Grey (disambiguation).
"Grey" redirects here. For the surname, see Grey (surname).
| Grey |
|
| Common connotations |
| pessimism, depression, blandness, boredom, neutrality, fog, undefinedness, old age, contentment, the brain (grey matter) and speed |
| Color coordinates |
| Hex triplet |
#808080 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) |
(128, 128, 128) |
| CMYKH (c, m, y, k) |
(0, 0, 0, 50) |
| HSV (h, s, v) |
(--°, 0%, 50%) |
| Source |
HTML/CSS[1] |
B:Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H:Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
Grey or gray is an intermediate color between black and white, a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally a color "without color." [2] It is the color of a cloud-covered sky, of ash and of lead.[3]
In Europe and America, grey is the color most frequently associated with the elderly, humility, reflection, boredom, dullness, uncertainty, and indifference.[4]
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Contents
- 1 Grey or gray
- 2 Etymology
- 3 Variations of grey
- 4 Grey in history and art
- 4.1 Antiquity through the Middle Ages
- 4.2 The Renaissance and the Baroque
- 4.3 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
- 4.4 Twentieth and twenty-first centuries
- 5 Science
- 5.1 Why storm clouds are grey
- 5.2 Why hair turns grey
- 5.3 How grey is made on a TV or computer screen
- 5.4 Optics and color theory
- 5.5 Web colors
- 5.6 Grey pigments
- 5.7 Grey in nature
- 5.8 "Gray matter" and the brain
- 5.9 Nontechnology and "grey goo"
- 5.10 Gray noise
- 6 Associations and Symbolism of Grey
- 6.1 Conformity
- 6.2 boredom
- 6.3 Reflection and uncertainty
- 6.4 Shadows and secrecy
- 6.5 Old Age
- 6.6 Poverty and modesty
- 7 Grey in culture
- 7.1 Religion
- 7.2 Politics
- 7.3 The grey uniform
- 7.4 The grey suit
- 7.5 Ethics
- 7.6 Folklore
- 7.7 Sports
- 7.8 Parapsychology
- 7.9 Gay culture
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Notes
- 11 External links
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Grey or gray
Grey is the British, Canadian, Australian, Irish, New Zealand and South African spelling, although gray remained in common usage in the UK until the second half of the 20th century.[5] Gray is the preferred American spelling, although grey is an accepted variant.[6][7] Gray became the preferred spelling in American English around 1825.[8]
Etymology
Grey comes from the Middle English grai or grei, from the Anglo-Saxon graeg, and is related to the German grau.[9] The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the English language was in AD 700.[10]
Variations of grey
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Blocks of lead shielding a radioactive sample
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Column of volcanic ash from vent on Crater Peak, Mount Spurr
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-
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Cadets at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point wear grey.
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Battleship grey or variations on this shade is the standard color for U.S. warships and those of many other navies, since it is less visible from a distance. This is the Battleship Missouri, built in 1944.
Grey in history and art
Antiquity through the Middle Ages
In antiquity and the Middle Ages, grey was the color of undyed wool, and thus was the color most commonly worn by peasants and the poor. It was also the color worn by monks of the Franciscan order, Cistercian Order and the Capucine Order as a symbol of their vows of humility and poverty. Franciscan monks in England and Scotland were commonly known as the Grey friars, and that name is now attached to many places in Great Britain.
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Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, a Cistercian monk, wore robes of undyed grey wool.
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Portrait of Saint Francis, the founder of the Franciscan Order, by El Greco. He also chose grey as the color of humility.
The Renaissance and the Baroque
During the Renaissance and the Baroque, grey began to play an important role in fashion and art. Black became the most popular color of the nobility, particularly in Italy, France and Spain, and grey and white were harmonious with it.
Grey was also frequently used for the drawing of oil paintings, a technique called grisaille. The painting would first be composed in grey and white, and then the colors, made with thin transparent glazes, would be added on top. The grisaille beneath would provide the shading, visible through the layers of color. Sometimes the grisaille was simply left uncovered, giving the appearance of carved stone.
Grey was a particularly good background color for gold and for skin tones. It became the most common background for the portraits of Rembrandt Van Rijn and for many of the paintings of El Greco. who used it to highlight the faces and constumes of the central figures. The palette of Rembrandt was composed almost entirely of somber colors. He composed his warm greys out of black pigments made from charcoal or burnt animal bones, mixed with lead white or a white made of lime, which he warmed with a little red lake color from cochineal or madder. In one painting, the portrait of Margaretha de Geer (1661), one part of a grey wall in the background is painted with a layer of dark brown over a layer of orange, red, and yellow earths, mixed with ivory black and some lead white. Over this he put an additional layer of glaze made of mixture of blue smalt, red ochre, and yellow lake. Using these ingredients and many others, he made greys which had, according to art historian Philip Ball, "an incredible subtlety of pigmentation.".[11] The warm, dark and rich greys and browns served to emphasize the golden light on the faces in the paintings. .
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The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1588) by El Greco is a swirling carousel of greys.
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Rembrandt Van Rijn self portrait, 1629. Rembrandt placed his figures against extremely complex greys, made up of many tones and hints of color to highlight the face in the center.
Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Grey became a highly fashionable color in the 18th century, both for women's dresses and for men's waistcoats and coats. It looked particularly luminous coloring the silk and satin fabrics worn by the noblility and wealthy.
Women's fashion in the 19th century was dominated by Paris, while men's fashion was set by London. The grey business suit appeared in the mid-19th century in London; light grey in summer, dark grey in winter; replacing the more colorful palette of men's clothing early in the century.
The clothing of women working in the factories and workshops of Paris in the 19th century was usually grey. This gave them the name of grisettes. "Gris" or grey also meant drunk, and the name "grisette" was also given to the lower class of Parisian prostitutes.
Grey also became a common color for military uniforms; in an age of rifles with longer range, soldiers in grey were less visible as targets than those in blue or red. Grey was the color of the uniforms of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, and of the Prussian Army during the Franco-German War of 1870.
Several artists of the mid-19th century used different tones of grey to create memorable paintings; Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot used tones of green-grey and blue grey to give harmony to his landscapes, and James McNeill Whistler created a special grey for the background of the portrait of his mother, and for his own self-portrait.
Whistler's arrangment of different tones of grey had an effect on the world of music, on the French composer Claude Debussy. In 1894, Debussy wrote to violinist Eugène Ysaÿe describing his Nocturnes as "an experiment in the different combinations that can be obtained from one color – what a study in grey would be in painting."[12]
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Portrait of Captain Augustus Keppel (1752) by Sir Joshua Reynolds.
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Portrait of Charlotte Walsingham, Lady Fitzgerald by John Hoppner (18th century). Grey was a color of high fashion in the 18th century.
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Private Edwin Francis Jemison of the Confederate Army, (between 1860 and 1862), a soldier in the American Civil War, wore a grey uniform. The war was sometimes called the War of the blue and the grey.
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An oak in the Forest of Fontainbleau, by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (about 1830).
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Arrangement in grey and black no.1 by James McNeill Whistler, (1871), better known as Whistler's Mother.
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The Self-Portrait of James McNeill Whistler (1872), also called 'Arrangement in grey" was a virtuoso concert of different tones of grey.
Twentieth and twenty-first centuries
In the late 1930s, grey became a symbol of industrialization and war. It was the dominant color of Pablo Picasso's celebrated painting about the horrors of the Spanish Civil War, Guernica.[13]
After the war, the grey business suit became a metaphor for uniformity of thought, popularized in such books as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, (1955), which became a successful film in 1956.[14]
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Guernica (1937) by Pablo Picasso represented the horrors of war in grey
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The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955), with Gregory Peck, represented grey as the color of uniformity.
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Grey concrete was a popular building material for monumental works of modern architecture in the late 20th century. This is the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California (1959) by American architect Louis Kahn.
Science
Why storm clouds are grey
The whiteness or darkness of clouds is a function of their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look white because the sunlight is being scattered by the tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds become larger and thicker, the white light cannot penetrate through the cloud, and is reflected off the top. Clouds look darkest grey during thunderstorms, when they can be as much as 20,000 to 30,000 feet high.
Stratiform clouds are a layer of clouds that covers the entire sky, and which have a depth of between a few hundred to a few thousand feet thick. The thicker the clouds, the darker they appear from below, because little of the sunlight is able to pass through. From above, in an airplane, the same clouds look perfectly white, but from the ground the sky looks gloomy and grey.[15]
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Storm clouds towards Clare Island, Ireland. The whiteness or greyness of clouds is a function of their depth.
Why hair turns grey
The color of a person's hair is created by a type of pigment called melanin, found in the core of each hair. Melanin is also responsible for the color of the skin and of the eyes. There are just two types of pigment; dark (eumelanin) or light (phaeomelanin). Combined in various combinations, these pigments create all natural hair colors.
Melanin itself is the product of a specialized type of a cell called a melanocyte, which is found at each opening in the skin, or hair follicle, from which the hair grows. As hair grows, the melanocyte injects melanin into the hair cells, which contain a protein called keratin, which makes up our hair, skin, and nails. As long as the melanocytes continue injecting melanin into the hair cells, the hair retains its original color. At a certain age, however, which varies from person to person, the amount of melanin injected is reduced and eventually stops. The hair, without pigment, turns grey and eventually white. No one knows exactly why the production of melanocytes stops. In the February 2005 issue of Science, a team of Harvard scientists suggested that the cause was the failure of the melanocyte stem cells to maintain the production of the essential pigments, due to age or genetic factors, after a certain period of time. For some people, the breakdown comes in their twenties; for others, many years later.[16] According to the site of the magazine Scientific American, "Generally speaking, among Caucasians 50 percent are 50 percent gray by age 50.[17]
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Christine Lagarde, head of the International Monetary Fund
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How grey is made on a TV or computer screen
Colors on computer screens or televisions are made by what is called the RGB color model, RGB standing for red, green and blue. tiny pixels of red, green and blue on a black screen are illuminated in different combinations and intensities, and form any and all of the colors that are seen on the screen. Red, green, and blue light combined together at full intensity produces white. The three colors combined at equal but less than full intensity produce all the different shades of grey. To make a cool grey, the intensity of the blue is increased slightly. To produce a warm grey, the red intensity is increased.
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On a computer screen or TV, red, green and blue light are combined at full and equal intensity to produce white, shown here. The three colors combined at equal but lower intensity produces grey. The lower the intensity, the darker the grey.
Optics and color theory
Complementary colors are defined to mix to grey, either additively or subtractively, and many color models place complements opposite each other in a color wheel. To produce grey in RGB displays, the R, G, and B primary light sources are combined in proportions equal to that of the white point. In four-color printing, greys are produced either by the black channel, or by an approximately equal combination of CMY primaries. Images which consist wholly of neutral colors are called monochrome, black-and-white or greyscale. Most grey pigments have a cool or warm cast to them, as the human eye can detect even a minute amount of saturation.[citation needed] Yellow, orange, and red create a "warm grey". Green, blue, and violet create a "cool grey".[18] When there is no cast at all, it is referred to as "neutral grey", "achromatic grey" or simply "grey".
|
| Warm grey |
Cool grey |
| Mixed with 6% yellow. |
Mixed with 6% blue. |
Two colors are called complementary colors if grey is produced when they are combined additively. Grey is its own complement.
Web colors
There are several tones of grey available for use with HTML and CSS in word form, while there are 254 true greys available through Hex triplet. All are spelled with an a: using the e spelling can cause unexpected errors (this spelling was inherited from the X11 color list), and to this day, Internet Explorer's Trident browser engine does not recognize "grey" and will render it as green. Another anomaly is that "gray" is in fact much darker than the X11 color marked "darkgray"; this is because of a conflict with the original HTML gray and the X11 gray, which is closer to HTML's "silver". The three "slategray" colors are not themselves on the greyscale, but are slightly saturated towards cyan (green + blue). Note that since there are an even (256, including black and white) number of unsaturated tones of grey, there are actually two grey tones straddling the midpoint in the 8-bit greyscale. The color name "gray" has been assigned the lighter of the two shades (128 also known as #808080), due to rounding up.
| HTML Color Name |
Sample |
|
Hex triplet |
|
(rendered by name) |
(rendered by hex triplet) |
| gainsboro |
|
|
#DCDCDC |
| lightgray |
|
|
#D3D3D3 |
| silver |
|
|
#C0C0C0 |
| darkgray |
|
|
#A9A9A9 |
| gray |
|
|
#808080 |
| dimgray |
|
|
#696969 |
| lightslategray |
|
|
#778899 |
| slategray |
|
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#708090 |
| darkslategray |
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|
#2F4F4F |
|
Grey pigments
Until the 19th century, artists traditionally created grey by simply combining black and white. Rembrandt Van Rijn, for instance, usually used lead white and either carbon black or ivory black, along with touches of either blues or reds to cool or warm the gray.
In the early 19th century, a new grey, Payne's grey, appeared on the market. Payne's grey is a dark blue-grey, a mixture of ultramarine and black or of ultramarine and Sienna. It is named after William Payne, a British artist who painted watercolors in the late 18th century. The first recorded use of Payne’s grey as a color name in English was in 1835. [19]
Grey in nature
Grey is a very common color for animals, birds and fish, ranging in aize from whales to mice. It provides a natural camouflage and allows them to blend with their surroundings.
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A grey whale travels as much as 11,000 kilometers annually between its breeding waters in the Gulf of California and its feeding grounds in the Bering Sea.
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The grey wolf (canis lupus) is the largest wild member of the Canidae family.
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The African elephant is the largest land animal.
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The grey heron is a large bird found in Europe, Asia and Africa. A large colony of grey herons lives in the center of Amsterdam.
"Gray matter" and the brain
- The substance that composes the brain is sometimes referred to as "grey matter", or "the little grey cells", so the color grey is associated with things intellectual. However, the living human brain is actually pink in color; it only turns gray when dead.
Nontechnology and "grey goo"
- Grey goo is to a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating nanobots consume all living matter on Earth while building more of themselves (a scenario known as ecophagy).[20]
Gray noise
In sound engineering, Grey noise is random noise subjected to a psychoacoustic equal loudness curve (such as an inverted A-weighting curve) over a given range of frequencies, giving the listener the perception that it is equally loud at all frequencies.
Associations and Symbolism of Grey
In America and Europe, grey is one of the least popular colors; In a European survey, only one percent of men said it was their favorite color, and thirteen percent called it their least favorite color; the response from women was almost the same. According to color historian Eva Heller, "grey is too weak to be considered masculine, but too menacing to be considered a feminine color. It is neither warm nor cold, neither material or spiritual. With grey, nothing seems to be decided." [21]
Conformity
Grey is the color of conformity- not having any personality of its own, it adapts to any other color. It will look either dark or light, depending upon the color next to it.
boredom
In Europe and America, grey is the color most associated with boredom, solitude and emptiness. It is associated with rainy days and winter. In the novel Faust by Goethe, the hero is pursued by four "gray women"; pain, necessity, guilt and misery, who follow him until his death.
Reflection and uncertainty
One of the rare positive associations of grey is with mental power and reflection; with the brain. In the novels by Agatha Christie, the detective Hercule Poirot refers frequently to the "little grey cells" of his brain which help him solve mysteries. Grey and blue, when put next to each other, have a positive association of reflection, while grey white and blue put together are associated with science.
Grey is also the color most associated with uncertainty; a "gray area" is a subject covered by a law or policy where there is lack of clarity.
Shadows and secrecy
Grey is commonly associated with secrecy and shadows. An eminence grise in politics is a person who controls and manipulates people in power in a sinister way without his role being known to the public.The phrase originated as a description of François Leclerc du Tremblay, the French monk who served as advisor to Cardinal de Richelieu.
Old Age
Grey is the color most commonly associated in many cultures with the elderly and old age, because of the association with grey hair; it symbolizes the wisdom and dignity that come with experience and age. The New York Times is sometimes called The Grey Lady because of its long history and esteemed position in American journalism. [22]
Poverty and modesty
Grey is the color most often associated in Europe and America with modesty. As the color of undyed wool, it was the color worn by peasants and the poor, and was reputed to be the color of the clothing of Jesus Christ, and for that reason is the color worn by monks of the Cistercian and Franciscan orders. As the color of modesty, it is also associated with fairy tales; the character Cinderella takes her name from the color of cinders or ashes. Hers is the story of a poor virtuous woman who suffers humiliations from those above her until she meets her prince. Griselda or Griseldis, a similar character with a name taken from the color grey, known for her patience despite her suffering, exists in Italian, French German folklore, and in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. [23]
Grey in culture
Religion
In the Christian religion, grey is the color of ashes, and so a biblical symbol of mourning and repentance, described as sackcloth and ashes. It can be used during Lent or on special days of fasting and prayer. As the color of humility and modesty, grey is worn by monks of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, Franciscan order and Cistercian order. [24]
Buddhist monks and priests in Japan and Korea will often wear a sleeved grey, brown, or black outer robe.
Taoist priests in China also often wear grey.
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A Franciscan monk in Israel
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Young Buddhist monks in Korea.
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Taoist priest in Wudang, China
Politics
Grey is rarely used as a color by political parties, largely because of its common association with conformity, boredom and indecision.
The term "grey power" or "the grey vote" is sometimes used to describe the influence of older voters as a voting bloc. In the United States, older people are more likely to vote, and usually vote to protect certain social benefits, such as Social Security. [25][26]
Greys is a term sometimes used perjoratively by environmentalists in the green movement to describe those who oppose environmental measures and supposedly prefer the grey of concrete and cement.
The grey uniform
During the American Civil War, the soldiers of the Confederate Army wore grey uniforms. At the beginning of the war, The armies of the North and of the South had very similar uniforms; some Confederate units wore blue, and some Union units wore grey. There naturally was confusion, and sometimes soldiers fired by mistake at soldiers of their own army. On June 6, 1861, the Confederate government issued regulations standarizing the army uniform and establishing cadet grey as the uniform color. This was (and still is) the color of the uniform of cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and cadets at the Virginia Military Institute, which produced many officers for the Confederacy.
The new uniforms were designed by Nicola Marschall, a German-American artist, who also designed the original Confederate flag. He closely followed the design of contemporary French and Austrian military uniforms. [27] Grey was not chosen for its camouflage value; this was not appreciated for several more decades; but because the South did not have a major dye industry and grey dyes were inexpensive and easy to manufacture. While some units had uniforms colored with good-quality dyes, which were a solid bluish-grey, others had uniforms colored with vegetable dyes made from sumac or logwood, which quickly faded in sunshine to the yellowish color of butternut squash.
In the last twelve months of the war, the South was able to import uniforms made with good-quality blue-grey dye from Ireland, made especially for the Confederacy by a firm in Limerick, but by that time the war was on its way to being lost.
The German Army, or Wehrmacht, wore grey uniforms from 1907 until 1945, during both the First World War and Second World War. The color chosen was a grey-green called field grey, or feldgrau, It was chosen because it was less visible at a distance than the previous German uniforms, which were Prussian blue. It was one of the first uniform colors to be chosen for its camouflage value, important in the new age of smokeless powder and more accurate rifles and machine guns. It gave the Germans a distinct advantage at the beginning of the First World War, when the French soldiers were dressed in blue jackets and red trousers.
During World War II, most German soldiers wore the traditional field grey. The soldiers of the Afrika Korps of General Erwin Rommel wore a lighter grey uniform more suitable for the desert.
Some of the more recent uniforms of the German Army and East German Army were field grey, as were some uniforms of the Swedish army. The Army of Chile wears field gray today.
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Confederate General Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Chancellorsville (1863). He was mortally wounded seven days after the picture was taken.
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Confederate soldier Andrew J. Winn (1838-1864), died from his wounds after the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse (1864)
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German soldiers wearing field grey at the First Battle of the Marne (1914)
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Uniforms of German Army (1939-45), (U.S. National Archives)
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The Afrika Korps uniform of General Erwin Rommel, the "Desert Fox" (1941-42).
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Soldiers of the East German Army wore grey until the fall of the Berlin Wall.
The grey suit
During the 19th century, women's fashions were largely dictated by Paris, while London set fashions for men. The intent of a business suit was above all to show seriousness, and to show one's position in business and society. Over the course of the century, bright colors disappeared from men's fashion, and were largely replaced by a black or dark charcoal grey frock coat in winter, and lighter greys in summer. In the early 20th century, the frock coat was gradually replaced by the lounge suit, a less formal version of evening dress, which was also usually black or charcoal grey, In the 1930s the English suit style was called the drape suit, with wide shoulders and a nipped waist, usually dark or light grey. After World War II, the style changed to a slimmer fit called the continental cut, but the color remained grey. [28]
By the second half of the 20th century, men's fashions in suits were determined as much by Hollywood as by London tailors. The 1950s and 1960s were the age of glory for the grey suit; they were worn by movie stars, such as Cary Grant and Humphrey Bogart, and by President John F. Kennedy, who wore a two-button grey suit. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson was the first U.S. president to be inaugurated wearing an Oxford grey business suit; his predecessors had worn a formal cutaway coat with striped trousers for their inaugurations. [29] Grey suits also became the unofficial uniform of Madison Avenue in New York City, the center of th advertising industry. This style is satirized in the recent U.S. television series Mad Men.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the style was beginning to change; grey was considered monotonous and without character. Gradually the dark blue suit gained supremacy. At recent meetings of the G-20 and other international organizations, nearly every head of state of the world was wearing a blue business suit.
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William Holden and Humphrey Bogart in grey business suits in the 1954 film Sabrina. Bogart, as the serious older brother in the film, wears the darker grey.
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Cary Grant in a grey summer suit in the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest (1959).
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The official portrait of President John F. Kennedy, in a grey suit. (1963).
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The U.S. television series Mad Men satirizes the grey flannel suit that was the virtual uniform of the American advertising industry in the 1960s.
Ethics
In ethics, grey is either used pejoratively to describe situations that have no clear moral value; "the grey area", or positively to balance an all-black or all-white view - for example, shades of grey represent magnitudes of good and bad.
Folklore
In folklore, grey is often associated with goblins , elves and other legendary mischievous creatures. Scandinavian folklore often depicts gnomes and nisser in grey clothing. This is partly because of their association with dusk, as well as because these creatures were said to be outside traditional moral standards of black and white.
The writer J. R. R. Tolkien made use of this folkloric symbolism of grey in his works, which often draw upon Scandinavian folkloric names and themes. Gandalf is called the Grey Pilgrim; settings include the Grey Havensay and Ered Mithrin, the grey mountains; and characters include the Grey Elves.
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Illustration of goblins by Goya
Sports
- In baseball, grey is the color typically used for road uniforms. This came about because in the 19th and early 20th century, away teams didn't normally have access to laundry facilities on the road, thus stains were not noticeable on the darker grey uniforms as opposed to the white uniforms worn by the home team.
Parapsychology
Believers in parapsychology say that those who are suffering from the mental illness of depression have grey auras.[30]
Gay culture
- In gay slang, a grey queen is a gay person who works for the financial services industry (this term originates from the fact that in the 1950s, people who worked in this profession often wore grey flannel suits).[31]
See also
- Black
- Black-and-white
- Vin gris (grey wine in French)
- List of colors
- Variations of grey
- White
- colors
References
- Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur - Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
- Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
- Gage, John (2009). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
- Gottsegen, Mark (2006). The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3496-8.
- Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs - pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Paris: Editions du Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-084697-4.
Notes
- ^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords Archived 14 December 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, Third College Edition.
- ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edition, 2002.
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques. pg. 224-242.
- ^ Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin (1996). Teaching pronunciation: a reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-521-40694-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=twC-H4a8VcYC&pg=PA282.
- ^ "Grey - Definition and More". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grey. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ "Gray - Definition and More". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gray. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ "Gray vs. grey". Grammarist. February 17, 2011. http://grammarist.com/spelling/gray-grey/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1964.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196
- ^ Philip Ball (2001), Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Coulour, pg. 214-215 (French translation).
- ^ Weintraub, Stanley. 2001. Whistler: a biography (New York: Da Capo Press). ISBN 978-0-306-80971-2. p. 351
- ^ Stefano Zuffi, (2012), Color in Art, pg. 310
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 236-237
- ^ Research Frontiers Site of the University of Arkansas (retrieved December 17, 2012)
- ^ http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/grayhair.html Library of Congress Science Reference Services
- ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-hair-turn-gray Scientific American, "Why does hair turn gray?"
- ^ Color Palette Archived 14 December 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; Colour Sample of Payne’s Grey: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample A9
- ^ "Leading nanotech experts put 'grey goo' in perspective" (Press release). Center for Responsible Nanotechnology. June 9, 2004. http://www.crnano.org/PR-IOP.htm. Retrieved 2006-06-17.
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques. (Pg. 226)
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 234.
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, pg, 435.
- ^ Eva Heller, Pyschologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques, pg. 235
- ^ The Bonus Years: The 'grey vote' may take the cake on Tuesday
- ^ Grey vote
- ^ "Nicola Marschall: Artist of the Deep South". Alabama Department of Archives and History. http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/NM_dsth.html. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur - effets et symboliques, pg. 236
- ^ http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/inauguration/index.shtm#interesting |Johnson Library, University of Texas
- ^ Arthur E. Powell The Astral Body and Other Astral Phenomenon Wheaton, Illinois:1927—Theosophical Publishing House Page 12
- ^ Rodgers, Bruce Gay Talk (The Queen’s Vernacular): A Dictionary of Gay Slang New York:1972 Paragon Books, an imprint of G.P. Putnam’s Sons Page 99
External links
- Three computational biologists’ theory to explain how humans perceive achromatic colors:
- Chart showing a comparison of the achromatic (greyscale) values of the colors on the RYB and RGB color wheels, respectively (the chart is halfway down the webpage):
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Color topics
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| Color perception |
- Color vision
- Color blindness
- Visible spectrum
- Color constancy
- Color term
- Color theory
- Complementary colors
- Analogous colors
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| Color space |
- Hue
- Lightness
- Colorfulness
- Additive color
- Subtractive color
- Primary color
- Secondary color
- Tertiary color
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| Basic colors |
- Black
- Blue
- Brown
- Green
- Grey
- Orange
- Pink
- Purple
- Red
- White
- Yellow
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| Related |
- Pantone
- Distinguishing blue from green in language
- Grue and bleen
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Web colors |
| white |
black |
red |
yellow |
lime |
aqua (or cyan) |
blue |
fuchsia (or magenta) |
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| silver |
gray (or grey) |
maroon |
olive |
green |
teal |
navy |
purple |
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Shades of grey |
| Grey |
Ash grey |
Battleship grey |
Black |
Blue-grey |
Cadet grey |
Charcoal |
Cool grey |
Davy's grey |
Payne's grey |
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| Gunmetal |
Silver |
Slate grey |
Taupe |
Purple taupe |
Medium taupe |
Rose quartz |
Taupe grey |
Timberwolf |
White |
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| The samples shown above are only indicative. |
