WordNet

make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/28 10:51:14」(JST)

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The gracilis (/ˈɡræsᵻlᵻs/) (Latin for "slender") is the most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below.

Structure

It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch.

The muscle's fibers run vertically downward, ending in a rounded tendon. This tendon passes behind the medial condyle of the femur, curves around the medial condyle of the tibia where it becomes flattened, and inserts into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, below the condyle. For this reason, the muscle is a lower limb adductor. At its insertion the tendon is situated immediately above that of the semitendinosus muscle, and its upper edge is overlapped by the tendon of the sartorius muscle, which it joins to form the pes anserinus. The pes anserinus is separated from the medial collateral ligament of the knee-joint by a bursa.

A few of the fibers of the lower part of the tendon are prolonged into the deep fascia of the leg.

Relations

By its inner or superficial surface gracilis is in relation with the fascia lata, and below with the sartorius and internal saphenous nerve; the internal saphenous vein crosses it lying superficially to the fascia lata.

By its outer or deep surface with the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus, and the internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint, from which it is separated by a synovial bursa common to the tendons of the gracilis and semitendinosus.^[1]

Function

The muscle adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the hip as above, and also aids in flexion of the knee.^[2]

Innervation

The obturator nerve innervates the gracilis muscle via the lumbar spinal vertebrae.

Clinical relevance

The gracilis muscle is commonly used as a flap in microsurgery. According to the classification of Mathes and Nahai, it presents a type II blood supply, allowing it to be transferred on its artery derived from the medial circumflex femoral artery. This artery enters the muscle about 10 cm from the pubic symphysis. At this point (or 1 cm proximal) the nerve also enters.

Gracilis muscle is widely used in reconstructive surgery (graciloplasty), either as a pedicled flap or as a free microsurgical flap. Both pedicled and free flaps can be muscular or musculocutaneos (the so- called "composite flaps"). As a pedicled flap, gracilis muscle can be used in perineal and vaginal reconstruction, after oncological surgery, in the treatment of recurrent anovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas as well in the coverage of the neurovascular bundle after vascular surgery.^[3]

As a functioning pedicled flap, the gracilis muscle can be transferred for the treatment of anal incontinence. This technique called graciloplasty was described in the 1950s by Pickrell and was revolutionized in the late 1980s by the introduction of chronic muscle electro-stimulation. The gracilis microsurgical free flap is commonly used in the reconstruction of upper and lower limbs, in breast reconstruction and – as a free functioning flap – to restore forearm function or in dynamic reconstruction of facial paralysis.Gracilis Muscles Clinical Role

Transplantation sites

The muscle may be split to reduce bulk for facial reanimation, as well as to repair hand muscles. It can be used to fashion an external anal sphincter.^[4]

Additional images

Right hip bone. External surface.
Structures surrounding right hip-joint.
Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.
Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions.
The left femoral triangle.
Nerves of the right lower extremity. Front view.
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Muscles of thigh. Lateral view.
Muscles of thigh. Cross section.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Wilson, Erasmus (1851) The anatomist's vade mecum: a system of human anatomy, p 261
^ "Hamstrings Times Two, muscles synergistic to the hamstrings". T-nation.com. 2006-03-03. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
^ "Gracilis muscles clinical role. Computed Tomography (CT) angiography". Pelviperineology.org. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
^ Moore, Keith (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy, 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ^{[page needed]}

External links

Anatomy figure: 12:02-07 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Muscles of the anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh."
Anatomy figure: 14:02-02 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Muscles that form the superficial boundaries of the popliteal fossa."
Cross section image: pembody/body18b - Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna

UpToDate Contents

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1. 内転筋および腱の損傷 adductor muscle and tendon injury
2. 筋力低下の評価における筋力検査 muscle examination in the evaluation of weakness
3. 筋力低下患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with muscle weakness
4. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における呼吸筋のトレーニングおよび安静 respiratory muscle training and resting in copd
5. 成人における便失禁：マネージメント fecal incontinence in adults management

English Journal

Differential expression of apoptosis-related factors induces the age-related apoptosis of the gracilis muscle in humans.

Park SY1, Lee JH2, Kim HY3, Yoon KH2, Park SK3, Chang MS3.Author information 1Graduate School of Education, Yong In University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.3Department of Prescriptionology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.AbstractIn the normal aging process, apoptosis has been implicated as a mechanism responsible for the loss of muscle cells and plays an important role in age-related muscle loss. Several signaling pathways involved in skeletal muscle apoptosis are currently under intense investigation, particularly the caspase-independent pathway. This study investigated the age-related apoptotic changes occurring in the gracilis muscle in humans between 10 and 50 years of age. For this purpose, muscle samples were divided into 5 groups (n=8). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and immunofluorescence detection were performed to determine the number of apoptotic muscle cells in each group. In addition, the expression levels of apoptosis-related factors, such as Bcl-2, Bax, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), caspase-3 and calpain-1 were determined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. TUNEL assay revealed a significant increase in gracilis muscle apoptosis with aging. The activity of caspase-3 in the gracilis muscle tended to change with age, although the changes were not significant, while the increase in DNA nuclei in muscle from 50 years of age (5.419±0.97) was associated with an increase in the expression of AIF, as observed both at protein (10-30%) and mRNA level (10-60%) in gracilis tissues. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the relative Bcl-2 expression decreased with aging, while Bax expression was upregulated compared to 10 ‑year‑olds. In addition, a double-labeling experiment with TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence revealed the co-localization of nuclear AIF-positive and TUNEL-labeled cells. This study suggests that apoptosis in gracilis skeletal muscle in the elderly is partly mediated through the expression of Bcl-2/Bax and the degradation of AIF.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2014 May;33(5):1110-6. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1675. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
In the normal aging process, apoptosis has been implicated as a mechanism responsible for the loss of muscle cells and plays an important role in age-related muscle loss. Several signaling pathways involved in skeletal muscle apoptosis are currently under intense investigation, particularly the casp
PMID 24584667

[Chronic ankle joint instability : In unrecognized distal rupture of the syndosmosis and malunion of the distal fibula.]

Michelitsch C1, Acklin YP, Stoffel K, Bereiter H.Author information 1Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz, chris.michelitsch@me.com.AbstractBACKGROUND: It is often difficult in the acute phase to diagnose a lesion of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. If this lesion is overlooked, the patient will develop an incongruity of the upper ankle joint with a pathological external rotation of the talus. The risk of a possible premature arthritis is clearly increased.
Der Orthopade.Orthopade.2014 Apr 2. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: It is often difficult in the acute phase to diagnose a lesion of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. If this lesion is overlooked, the patient will develop an incongruity of the upper ankle joint with a pathological external rotation of the talus. The risk of a possible premature arthri
PMID 24687252

Superficial femoral artery perforator flap: anatomical study of a new flap and clinical cases.

Mojallal A1, Boucher F, Shipkov H, Saint-Cyr M, Braye F.Author information 1Lyon, France; and Rochester, Minn. From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic.AbstractBACKGROUND: The medial thigh has been infrequently studied as a donor site for pedicled or free flaps. In their previous studies, the authors observed a direct cutaneous branch from the superficial femoral artery. This study aimed to investigate the anatomy and potential possibility for flap elevation (the midmedial thigh flap) on this direct branch of the superficial femoral vessels.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg.2014 Apr;133(4):934-44. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000005.
BACKGROUND: The medial thigh has been infrequently studied as a donor site for pedicled or free flaps. In their previous studies, the authors observed a direct cutaneous branch from the superficial femoral artery. This study aimed to investigate the anatomy and potential possibility for flap elevati
PMID 24352206

Japanese Journal

症例メビウス症候群による両側顔面神経麻痺に対して神経血管柄付き遊離薄筋移植術を行った成人例の1例

形成外科 59(3), 304-309, 2016-03
NAID 40020749749

薄筋皮弁併用経会陰的根治術を行った先天性直腸尿道廔の1成人例

泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 61(7), 289-292, 2015-07
NAID 120005646475

S状結腸を利用しMonti変法による非失禁型導尿路を作成した尿道浸潤を有する乳房外Paget病の1例

泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 61(2), 61-65, 2015-02
NAID 120005575174

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「薄筋」
関連記事	「muscle」

「薄筋」

Gracilis muscle
	The gracilis and nearby muscles
	Gracilis labeled at far right.
Details
Origin	ischiopubic ramus
Insertion	tibia (pes anserinus)
Artery	medial circumflex femoral artery
Nerve	anterior branch of obturator nerve
Actions	flexes, medially rotates, and adducts the hip,
Identifiers
Latin	musculus gracilis
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_22/12549236
TA	A04.7.02.030
FMA	43882
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]