WordNet

make an opening or gap in (同)breach
a narrow opening; "he opened the window a crack" (同)crack
a conspicuous disparity or difference as between two figures; "gap between income and outgo"; "the spread between lending and borrowing costs" (同)spread
a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations
the state of being joined together (同)conjunction, conjugation, colligation
an act of joining or adjoining things (同)adjunction
something that joins or connects (同)conjunction
the place where two or more things come together
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force

PrepTutorEJDIC

(壁・へいなどの)『割れ目』,『すき間』《+『in』+『名』》 / (連続するものの)『途切れ』,空白[部分]《+『in』+『名』》 / (意見・性格などの)『大きなずれ』《+『between』+『名』》 / (山の尾根を分断する)深い峡谷(峠) / …‘に'割れ目(すき間)を作る / 割れ目(すき間)ができる
〈U〉〈C〉連結すること(された状態),『結合』,連合,合体 / 〈C〉『結合点』,連結(接合,合流)点 / 〈C〉(鉄道の)『連絡駅』,接続駅
蛋白(たんばく)質

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/31 22:47:14」(JST)

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Gap junction beta-6 protein (GJB6), also known as connexin 30 (Cx30) — is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJB6 gene.^[1]^[2]^[3] Connexin 30 (Cx30) is one of several gap junction proteins expressed in the inner ear.^[4] Mutations in gap junction genes have been found to lead to both syndromic and nonsyndromic deafness.^[5]

Function

The connexin gene family codes for the protein subunits of gap junction channels that mediate direct diffusion of ions and metabolites between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Connexins span the plasma membrane 4 times, with amino- and carboxy-terminal regions facing the cytoplasm. Connexin genes are expressed in a cell type-specific manner with overlapping specificity. The gap junction channels have unique properties depending on the type of connexins constituting the channel.[supplied by OMIM]^[3]

Connexin 30 is prevalent in the two distinct gap junction systems found in the cochlea: the epithelial cell gap junction network, which couple non-sensory epithelial cells, and the connective tissue gap junction network, which couple connective tissue cells. Gap junctions serve the important purpose of recycling potassium ions that pass through hair cells during mechanotransduction back to the endolymph.^[6]

Connexin 30 has been found to be co-localized with connexin 26.^[7] Cx30 and Cx26 have also been found to form heteromeric and heterotypic channels. The biochemical properties and channel permeabilities of these more complex channels differ from homotypic Cx30 or Cx26 channels.^[8] Overexpression of Cx30 in Cx30 null mice restored Cx26 expression and normal gap junction channel functioning and calcium signaling, but it is described that Cx26 expression is altered in Cx30 null mice. The researchers hypothesized that co-regulation of Cx26 and Cx30 is dependent on phospholipase C signaling and the NF-κB pathway.^[9]

The cochlea contains two cell types, auditory hair cells for mechanotransduction and supporting cells. Gap junction channels are only found between cochlear supporting cells.^[10] While gap junctions in the inner ear are critically involved in potassium recycling to the endolymph, connexin expression in the supporting cells surrounding the organ of Corti have been found to support epithelial tissue lesion repair following loss of sensory hair cells. An experiment with Cx30 null mice found deficits in lesion closure and repair of the organ of Corti following hair cell loss, suggesting that Cx30 has a role in regulating lesion repair response.^[11]

Clinical Significance

Auditory

Connexin 26 and connexin 30 are commonly accepted to be the predominant gap junction proteins in the cochlea. Genetic knockout experiments in mice has shown that knockout of either Cx26 or Cx30 produces deafness.^[12]^[13] However, recent research suggests that Cx30 knockout produces deafness due to subsequent downregulation of Cx26, and one mouse study found that a Cx30 mutation that preserves half of Cx26 expression found in normal Cx30 mice resulted in unimpaired hearing.^[14] The lessened severity of Cx30 knockout in comparison to Cx26 knockout is supported by a study examining the time course and patterns of hair cell degeneration in the cochlea. Cx26 null mice displayed more rapid and widespread cell death than Cx30 null mice. The percent hair cell loss was less widespread and frequent in the cochleas of Cx30 null mice.^[15]

References

^ Grifa A, Wagner CA, D'Ambrosio L, Melchionda S, Bernardi F, Lopez-Bigas N, Rabionet R, Arbones M, Monica MD, Estivill X, Zelante L, Lang F, Gasparini P (Sep 1999). "Mutations in GJB6 cause nonsyndromic autosomal dominant deafness at DFNA3 locus". Nat Genet 23 (1): 16–8. doi:10.1038/12612. PMID 10471490.
^ Kibar Z, Der Kaloustian VM, Brais B, Hani V, Fraser FC, Rouleau GA (Oct 1996). "The gene responsible for Clouston hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia maps to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 13q". Hum Mol Genet 5 (4): 543–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.4.543. PMID 8845850.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: GJB6 gap junction protein, beta 6".
^ Zhao, H. -B.; Kikuchi, T.; Ngezahayo, A.; White, T. W. (2006). "Gap Junctions and Cochlear Homeostasis". Journal of Membrane Biology 209 (2–3): 177–186. doi:10.1007/s00232-005-0832-x. PMC 1609193. PMID 16773501. edit
^ Erbe, C. B.; Harris, K. C.; Runge-Samuelson, C. L.; Flanary, V. A.; Wackym, P. A. (2004). "Connexin 26 and Connexin 30 Mutations in Children with Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss". The Laryngoscope 114 (4): 607–611. doi:10.1097/00005537-200404000-00003. PMID 15064611. edit
^ Kikuchi, T.; Kimura, R. S.; Paul, D. L.; Takasaka, T.; Adams, J. C. (2000). "Gap junction systems in the mammalian cochlea". Brain research. Brain research reviews 32 (1): 163–166. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00076-4. PMID 10751665. edit
^ Lautermann, J.; Ten Cate, W. J.; Altenhoff, P.; Grümmer, R.; Traub, O.; Frank, H.; Jahnke, K.; Winterhager, E. (1998). "Expression of the gap-junction connexins 26 and 30 in the rat cochlea". Cell and tissue research 294 (3): 415–420. doi:10.1007/s004410051192. PMID 9799458. edit
^ Yum, S. W.; Zhang, J.; Valiunas, V.; Kanaporis, G.; Brink, P. R.; White, T. W.; Scherer, S. S. (2007). "Human connexin26 and connexin30 form functional heteromeric and heterotypic channels". AJP: Cell Physiology 293 (3): C1032–C1048. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00011.2007. PMID 17615163. edit
^ Ortolano, S.; Di Pasquale, G.; Crispino, G.; Anselmi, F.; Mammano, F.; Chiorini, J. A. (2008). "Coordinated control of connexin 26 and connexin 30 at the regulatory and functional level in the inner ear". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (48): 18776–18781. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800831105. PMC 2596232. PMID 19047647. edit
^ Kikuchi, T.; Kimura, R. S.; Paul, D. L.; Adams, J. C. (1995). "Gap junctions in the rat cochlea: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis". Anatomy and embryology 191 (2): 101–118. doi:10.1007/BF00186783. PMID 7726389. edit
^ Forge, A.; Jagger, D. J.; Kelly, J. J.; Taylor, R. R. (2013). "Connexin30 mediated intercellular communication plays an essential role in epithelial repair in the cochlea". Journal of Cell Science 126 (Pt 7): 1703–12. doi:10.1242/jcs.125476. PMID 23424196. edit
^ Teubner, B.; Michel, V.; Pesch, J.; Lautermann, J.; Cohen-Salmon, M.; Söhl, G.; Jahnke, K.; Winterhager, E.; Herberhold, C.; Hardelin, J. P.; Petit, C.; Willecke, K. (2003). "Connexin30 (Gjb6)-deficiency causes severe hearing impairment and lack of endocochlear potential". Human molecular genetics 12 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg001. PMID 12490528. edit
^ Kudo, T.; Kure, S.; Ikeda, K.; Xia, A. P.; Katori, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Kojima, K.; Ichinohe, A.; Suzuki, Y.; Aoki, Y.; Kobayashi, T.; Matsubara, Y. (2003). "Transgenic expression of a dominant-negative connexin26 causes degeneration of the organ of Corti and non-syndromic deafness". Human molecular genetics 12 (9): 995–1004. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg116. PMID 12700168. edit
^ Boulay, A. -C.; Del Castillo, F. J.; Giraudet, F.; Hamard, G.; Giaume, C.; Petit, C.; Avan, P.; Cohen-Salmon, M. (2013). "Hearing is Normal without Connexin30". Journal of Neuroscience 33 (2): 430–434. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4240-12.2013. PMID 23303923. edit
^ Sun, Y.; Tang, W.; Chang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Kong, W.; Lin, X. (2009). "Connexin30 null and conditional connexin26 null mice display distinct pattern and time course of cellular degeneration in the cochlea". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 516 (6): 569–579. doi:10.1002/cne.22117. PMC 2846422. PMID 19673007. edit

External links

Der Kaloustian, Vazken M (2011-02-03). Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia 2. NBK1200. In Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al., ed. (1993–). GeneReviews™ [Internet]. Seattle WA: University of Washington, Seattle. Check date values in: |date= (help)
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Gap Junction Protein, BETA-6; GJB6 -604418
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome, Autosomal Dominant -148210
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Deafness, Autosomal Dominant 3A; DFNA3A -601544
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Clouston Syndrome -129500
- Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Deafness, Autosomal Recessive 1A; DFNB1A -220290
Smith, Richard JH; Sheffield, Abraham M; Van Camp, Guy (2012-04-19). Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, DFNA3. NBK1536. In GeneReviews
Smith, Richard JH; Van Camp, Guy (2014-01-02). Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, DFNB1. NBK1272. In GeneReviews
Smith, Richard JH; Shearer, A Eliot; Hildebrand, Michael S; Van Camp, Guy (2014-01-09). Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview. NBK1434. In GeneReviews

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ペリツェウス・メルツバッハー病 pelizaeus merzbacher disease
2. シャルコーマリートゥース病などの一次性の遺伝性運動感覚性ニューロパチー hereditary primary motor sensory neuropathies including charcot marie tooth disease
3. 高アニオンギャップ性代謝性アシドーシス患者におけるΔアニオンギャップ／ΔHCO3比 the anion gap hco3 ratio in patients with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis
4. 神経筋接合部に作用する毒素の概要 overview of neuromuscular junction toxins
5. 代謝性アシドーシス以外の状況における血清アニオンギャップ serum anion gap in conditions other than metabolic acidosis

English Journal

Paracrine signaling through plasma membrane hemichannels.

Wang N, De Bock M, Decrock E, Bol M, Gadicherla A, Vinken M, Rogiers V, Bukauskas FF, Bultynck G, Leybaert L.SourceDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Jan;1828(1):35-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.002. Epub 2012 Jul 13.
Plasma membrane hemichannels composed of connexin (Cx) proteins are essential components of gap junction channels but accumulating evidence suggests functions of hemichannels beyond the communication provided by junctional channels. Hemichannels not incorporated into gap junctions, called unapposed
PMID 22796188

The role of connexins in ear and skin physiology - Functional insights from disease-associated mutations.

Xu J, Nicholson BJ.SourceDepartment of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Jan;1828(1):167-78. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.06.024. Epub 2012 Jul 13.
Defects in several different connexins have been associated with several different diseases. The most common of these is deafness, where a few mutations in connexin (Cx) 26 have been found to contribute to over 50% of the incidence of non-syndromic deafness in different human populations. Other muta
PMID 22796187

Japanese Journal

Background Lesions during a 24-Month Observation Period in Connexin 32-Deficient Mice

IGARASHI Isao,MAKINO Toshihiko,SUZUKI Yoko,KAI Kiyonori,TERANISHI Munehiro,TAKASAKI Wataru,FURUHAMA Kazuhisa
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75(2), 207-210, 2013
… Connexin 32 (Cx32) is a major gap junction protein in the liver. …
NAID 130001879664

軟骨形成過程におけるギャップ結合分子パネキシン3の役割

岩本勉
小児歯科学雑誌 50(3), 170-174, 2012-06-25
NAID 10030801619

New therapeutic target for the non-electrophysiological signaling in atrial fibrosis and fibrillation such as inflammation

Takahashi Naohiko,Kume Osamu,Wakisaka Osamu,Teshima Yasushi,Hara Masahide,Saikawa Tetsunori
Journal of Arrhythmia 28, 145-154, 2012
… Repeated whole-body hyperthermia led to the induction of heat-shock protein 72, which resulted in attenuation of AII-induced left atrial fibrosis and suppression of AF inducibility. … AAC enhanced left atrial expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9. … In the same AAC model, the effects of candesartan on gap junction remodeling were investigated. …
NAID 130002129518

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ギャップジャンクションタンパク質」「ギャップ結合タンパク質」
関連記事	「junction」「gap」「GAP」「g」

「ギャップジャンクションタンパク質」

Gap junction protein, beta 6, 30kDa
Identifiers
Symbols	GJB6 ; CX30; DFNA3; DFNA3B; DFNB1B; ECTD2; ED2; EDH; HED; HED2
External IDs	OMIM: 604418 MGI: 107588 HomoloGene: 4936 IUPHAR: Cx30 GeneCards: GJB6 Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• antigen binding; • protein binding; • gap-junction channel activity;
Cellular component	• cytosol; • connexon complex; • integral component of membrane; • apical plasma membrane;
Biological process	• apoptotic process; • cell communication; • sensory perception of sound; • negative regulation of cell proliferation; • ear morphogenesis; • inner ear development;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
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