自由水、遊離水

WordNet

unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
provide with water; "We watered the buffalo"
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent (同)H2O
supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; "Water the fields" (同)irrigate
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; "My mouth watered at the prospect of a good dinner"; "His eyes watered"
a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water"
fill with tears; "His eyes were watering"
wetting with water; "the lawn needs a great deal of watering"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉水 / 《しばしば複数形で》『海』(『湖,川』)『の水』 / 《複数形で》流れる水;(海・川・湖などの)波立つ水《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》(特定の)水域,領海,近海 / 〈U〉潮位,水位;《the water》水面 / 〈U〉分泌液(涙・汗・尿など) / 〈U〉溶液,…水 / 《複数形で》(飲用の)鉱泉水 / 〈U〉(織物・金属などの)波紋 / …‘に'『水をかける』(まく,やる) / 〈動物〉‘に'水を飲ませる / …‘に'水を供給する;…‘を'潅漑(かんがい)する / 〈液体など〉‘を'水で割る,薄める《+名+down,+down+名》 / 〈織物・金属など〉‘に'波紋(波模様)をつける / 〈動物などが〉水を飲む:〈船・機関などが〉給水を受ける / 〈目・口などが〉分泌液を出す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/02 21:30:33」(JST)

wiki en

In the physiology of the kidney, free water clearance (C_H₂O) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of solute-free water per unit time. An example of its use is in the determination of an individual's state of hydration. Conceptually, free water clearance should be thought of relative to the production of isoosmotic urine, which would be equal to the osmolarity of the plasma. If an individual is producing urine more dilute than the plasma, there is a positive value for free water clearance, meaning pure water is lost in the urine in addition to a theoretical isoosmotic filtrate. If the urine is more concentrated than the plasma, then free water is being extracted from the urine, giving a negative value for free water clearance. A negative value is typical for free water clearance, as the kidney usually produces concentrated urine except in the cases of volume overload by the individual.

Overview

At its simplest, the kidney produces urine composed of solute and pure (solute-free) water. How rapidly the kidney clears the blood plasma of a substance (be it water or solute) is the renal clearance, which is related to the rate of urine production. The rate at which plasma is cleared of solute is the osmolal clearance; the rate at which plasma is cleared of solute-free water is the free water clearance.

Calculation

Since urine flow is determined by the rate at which plasma is cleared of solutes and water (as discussed above), urine flow (V) is given as the sum of osmolar (C_osm) and free water clearance (C_H₂O):

Rearranging yields C_H₂O

Since osmolar clearance is given as the product of urine flow rate and the ratio of urine to plasma osmolality, this is commonly represented as

For example, for an individual with a urine osmolality of 140 mOsm/L, plasma osmolality of 280 mOsm/L, and a urine production of 4 ml/min, the free water clearance is 2 ml/min, obtained from

Interpretation

Free water clearance can be used as an indicator of how the body is regulating water. A free water clearance of zero means the kidney is producing urine isosmotic with respect to the plasma. Values greater than zero imply that the kidney is producing dilute urine through the excretion of solute-free water. Values less than zero imply that the kidney is conserving water (likely under the influence of antidiuretic hormone, ADH), resulting in the production of concentrated urine.

External links

Overview at mcg.edu
Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca
Formula at mmi.mcgill.ca

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における維持輸液療法および補充輸液療法 maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
2. 高ナトリウム血症の治療 treatment of hypernatremia
3. 小児における高ナトリウム血症 hypernatremia in children
4. Chapter 9B：腎臓の水分排泄と再吸収 chapter 9b renal water excretion and reabsorption
5. Chapter 6B：抗利尿ホルモンと水分バランス chapter 6b antidiuretic hormone and water balance

English Journal

In vitro cytotoxicity and bioavailability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing tamoxifen citrate.

Hashem FM, Nasr M, Khairy A.Author information Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt and.AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug tamoxifen citrate (TC) on the in vitro antitumor activity and bioavailability of the drug. TC-loaded SLN were prepared by solvent injection method using glycerol monostearate (GMS) or stearic acid (SA) as lipid matrix. Poloxamer 188 or tween 80 were used as stabilizers. TC-loaded SLN (F3 and F4) prepared using GMS and stabilized by poloxamer 188 showed highest entrapment efficiency % (86.07 ± 1.74 and 90.40 ± 1.22%) and reasonable mean particle sizes (130.40 ± 9.45 and 243.80 ± 12.33 nm), respectively. The in vitro release of TC from F3 and F4 exhibited an initial burst effect followed by a sustained drug release. In vitro cytotoxicity of F3 against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed comparable antitumor activity to free drug. Moreover, the results of bioavailability evaluation of TC-loaded SLN in rats compared to free TC indicated that 160.61% increase in the oral bioavailability of TC. The obtained results suggest that incorporation of the poorly water-soluble drug TC in SLN preserves the in vitro antitumor activity and significantly enhance oral bioavailability of TC in rats.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Nov;19(7):824-32. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.836218. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug tamoxifen citrate (TC) on the in vitro antitumor activity and bioavailability of the drug. TC-loaded SLN were prepared by solvent injection method using glycerol mon
PMID 24032414

Physicochemical and biochemical properties of honeys from arid regions.

Habib HM1, Al Meqbali FT2, Kamal H2, Souka UD2, Ibrahim WH2.Author information 1Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address: hosamh@uaeu.ac.ae.2Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the quality of 11 honeys from arid regions for first time, and compare it with 5 different honeys from non-arid regions. Mean values obtained for physicochemical parameters were: pH 4.76±0.55; 17.32±1.8% moisture; 80.95±1.60°Brix sugar; 69.05±4.41% total sugar; 413.81±178.48μScm(-1) electrical conductivity; 17.58±7.68meq/kg free acidity; 11.05±3.18meq/kg lactonic acidity; 28.63±9.6meq/kg total acidity; 12.66±20.39mg/kg HMF; 0.58±0.03 water activity; and 0.98±0.62 colour intensity. Potassium was the major mineral (1760.54±685.24mg/kg). All the samples showed considerable significant variations with reference to their physicochemical and biochemical properties, moreover, the total free amino acids and total carotenoids were 61.13±63.16mg/100g and 4.07±10.05μg/100g respectively. Acrylamide was detected only in one sample at 2.39±0.22μg/kg.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 15;153:35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.048. Epub 2013 Dec 14.
This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of 11 honeys from arid regions for first time, and compare it with 5 different honeys from non-arid regions. Mean values obtained for physicochemical parameters were: pH 4.76±0.55; 17.32±1.8% moisture; 80.95±1.60°Brix sugar; 69.05±4.41% total sug
PMID 24491697

Effect of microfluidisation on antioxidant properties of corn bran.

Wang T1, Zhu Y2, Sun X3, Raddatz J2, Zhou Z4, Chen G5.Author information 1Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; School of Food Science & Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggongyuan Road No. 1, Dalian 116034, China.2Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.3Center for Translational & Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.4Center for Translational & Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.5Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, NC Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA. Electronic address: gchen@ncat.edu.AbstractThe microfluidisation process was used to reduce the particle size and loosen the tight microstructure of corn bran. This process significantly increased corn bran's antioxidant activity exhibited through a surface reaction phenomenon and the extractability of phenolic compounds after alkaline and acid hydrolysis. For corn bran microfluidised through an 87μm interaction chamber for 5 passes, the two most largely increased phenolic acids released after alkaline hydrolysis were p-coumaric acid (51.1%) and ferulic acid (45.1%). On the other hand, high shear stress during microfluidisation caused partial dispersion or dissolution of free phenolic compounds in water which was lost after the process. It was also found that bran residues after alkaline and acid hydrolysis still exhibited strong antioxidant activity via a surface reaction phenomenon, probably indicating the conventional method based on solvent extraction and relatively mild alkaline and/or acid hydrolysis underestimates the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of corn bran.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.059. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
The microfluidisation process was used to reduce the particle size and loosen the tight microstructure of corn bran. This process significantly increased corn bran's antioxidant activity exhibited through a surface reaction phenomenon and the extractability of phenolic compounds after alkaline and a
PMID 24444904

Japanese Journal

グルテンフリー米粉パンの物性と食味に及ぼす絹フィブロインおよびキサンタンガムの影響

大崎聡子,市川朝子
日本調理科学会誌 45(1), 9-18, 2012-02-05
わが国では,米の消費拡大を目指して米粉の利用法が模索されている。本研究では,絹フィブロインやキサンタンガムを添加して米粉パンを調製し,それらの特性を,グルテン無添加で調製した米粉パン(対照)の特性と比較した。その結果,以下のことがわかった。絹フィブロイン添加米粉パンの比容積,硬さ,付着性は対照と比較して有意に上昇した(p<0.05)。キサンタンガムは,ゾルの状態で,加水量を105%から115 …
NAID 110009328229

〔報文〕食事性L-Arginineの骨構造および骨代謝関連遺伝子発現調節に対する影響

宮内智美,海老沢秀道
學苑 854, 19-26, 2011-12-01
… The rats were allowed free access to water containing 0%(OVX-C)or 2% L-Arginine(OVX-Arg)as their only drinking water for 13 weeks. …
NAID 110008729434