follicle stimulating hormone

卵胞刺激ホルモン FSH

WordNet

1. the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
2. rousing or quickening activity or the senses; "a stimulating discussion"
3. any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ホルモン
2. 刺激する;激励する,元気づける
3. 小嚢(しょうのう),卵胞 / (植物の)袋果(たいか)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/26 22:02:09」(JST)

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For other uses of the term FSH, see FSH (disambiguation).

glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide
Identifiers
Symbol	CGA
Entrez	1081
HUGO	1885
OMIM	118850
RefSeq	NM_000735
UniProt	P01215
Other data
Locus	Chr. 6 q14-q21

follicle stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Identifiers
Symbol	FSHB
Entrez	2488
HUGO	3964
OMIM	136530
RefSeq	NM_000510
UniProt	P01225
Other data
Locus	Chr. 11 p13

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone found in humans and other animals. It is synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary gland, and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction.

Structure

FSH is a 35.5 kDa glycoprotein heterodimer, consisting of two polypeptide units, alpha and beta. Its structure is similar to those of luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The alpha subunits of the glycoproteins LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are virtually identical and consist of about 96 amino acids, while the beta subunits vary. Both subunits are required for biological activity. FSH has a beta subunit of 111 amino acids (FSH β), which confers its specific biologic action, and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. The sugar portion of the hormone is covalently bonded to asparagine, and is composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and sialic acid, the last one being critical for its biological half-life of 3–4 years.

Genes

The gene for the alpha subunit is located at cytogenetic location 6q14.3. It is expressed in different cell types, most notably the basophils of the anterior pituitary. The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome 11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by GnRH, inhibited by inhibin, and enhanced by activin.

Activity

FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the human body.

• In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells.
• In males, FSH induces Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding proteins (ABPs), regulated by inhibin's negative feedback mechanism on the anterior pituitary.
• In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.

Control of FSH release from the pituitary gland is unknown. Low frequency gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses increase FSH mRNA levels in the rat, but is not directly correlated with an increase in circulating FSH. GnRH has been shown to play an important role in the secretion of FSH, with hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection leading to a cessation of FSH. GnRH administration leads to a return of FSH secretion. FSH is subject to oestrogen feed-back from the gonads via the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis.

Reference ranges for the blood content of follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.
- The ranges denoted By biological stage may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower, respectively, the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle.
- The ranges denoted Inter-cycle variability are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known, but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation, and that they are somewhat averagely regular, with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a woman's average cycle length is shorter or longer, respectively, than the average of the population.

- The ranges denoted Inter-woman variability are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown, but only the beginning of menstruation is given.

Effects in females

FSH stimulates the growth and recruitment of immature ovarian follicles in the ovary. In early (small) antral follicles, FSH is the major survival factor that rescues the small antral follicles (2–5 mm in diameter for humans) from apoptosis (programmed death of the somatic cells of the follicle and oocyte). In the luteal-follicle phase transition period the serum levels of progesterone and estrogen (primarily estradiol) decrease and no longer suppress the release of FSH, consequently FSH peaks at about day three (day one is the first day of menstrual flow). The cohort of small antral follicles is normally sufficiently in number to produce enough Inhibin B to lower FSH serum levels.

In addition, there is evidence that gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor produced by small follicles during the first half of the follicle phase also exerts a negative feedback on pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion amplitude, thus allowing a more favorable environment for follicle growth and preventing premature luteinization.

(As a woman nears perimenopause, the number of small antral follicles recruited in each cycle diminishes and consequently insufficient Inhibin B is produced to fully lower FSH and the serum level of FSH begins to rise. Eventually the FSH level becomes so high that downregulation of FSH receptors occurs and by postmenopause any remaining small secondary follicles no longer have FSH nor LH receptors.)

When the follicle matures and reaches 8–10 mm in diameter it starts to secrete significant amounts of estradiol. Normally in humans only one follicle becomes dominant and survives to grow to 18–30 mm in size and ovulate, the remaining follicles in the cohort undergo atresia. The sharp increase in estradiol production by the dominant follicle (possibly along with a decrease in gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor) cause a positive effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary and rapid GnRH pulses occur and an LH surge results.

The increase in serum estradiol levels cause a decrease in FSH production by inhibiting GnRH production in the hypothalamus.

The decrease in serum FSH level causes the smaller follicles in the current cohort to undergo atresia as they lack sufficient sensitivity to FSH to survive. Occasionally two follicles reach the 10 mm stage at the same time by chance and as both are equally sensitive to FSH both survive and grow in the low FSH environment and thus two ovulations can occur in one cycle possibly leading to non identical (dizygotic) twins.

Effects in males

FSH stimulates primary spermatocytes to undergo the first division of meiosis, to form secondary spermatocytes.

FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes by binding to FSH receptors on their basolateral membranes, and is critical for the initiation of spermatogenesis.

Measurement

Follicle stimulating hormone is typically measured in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, typically day three to five, counted from last menstruation. At this time, the levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone are at the lowest point of the menstrual cycle. FSH levels in this time is often called basal FSH levels, to distinguish from the increased levels when approaching ovulation.

FSH is measured in International Units (IU). For Human Urinary FSH, one IU is defined as the amount of FSH that has an activity corresponding to 0.11388 mg of pure Human Urinary FSH. For recombinant FSH, one IU corresponds to approximately 0.065 to 0.075 µg of a "fill-by-mass" product.

Disease states

FSH levels are normally low during childhood and, in females, high after menopause.

High FSH levels

The most common reason for high serum FSH concentration is in a female who is undergoing or has recently undergone menopause. High levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone indicate that the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production.

If high FSH levels occur during the reproductive years, it is abnormal. Conditions with high FSH levels include:

1. Premature menopause also known as Premature Ovarian Failure
2. Poor ovarian reserve also known as Premature Ovarian Aging
3. Gonadal dysgenesis, Turner syndrome
4. Castration
5. Swyer syndrome
6. Certain forms of CAH
7. Testicular failure.
8. Klinefelter syndrome
9. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus also known as Lupus

Most of these conditions are associated with subfertility and/or infertility. Therefore, high FSH levels are an indication of subfertility and/or infertility.

Low FSH levels

Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifested in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, cessation of reproductive cycles is commonly observed. Conditions with very low FSH secretions are:

1. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
2. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome + Obesity + Hirsutism + Infertility
3. Kallmann syndrome
4. Hypothalamic suppression
5. Hypopituitarism
6. Hyperprolactinemia
7. Gonadotropin deficiency
8. Gonadal suppression therapy
   1. GnRH antagonist
   2. GnRH agonist (downregulation).

Use as therapy

Further information: Gonadotropin preparations and Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

FSH is used commonly in infertility therapy, mainly for ovarian hyperstimulation as part of IVF. In some cases, it is used for reversal of anovulation as well.

FSH is available mixed with LH activity in various menotropins including more purified forms of urinary gonadotropins such as Menopur, as well as without LH activity as recombinant FSH (Gonapure, Gonal F, Follistim, Follitropin alpha).

Potential role in vascularization of solid tumors

Elevated FSH receptor levels have been detected in the endothelia of tumor vasculature in a very wide range of solid tumors. FSH binding is thought to upregulate neovascularization via at least two mechanisms – one in the VEGF pathway, and the other VEGF independent – related to the development of umbilical vasculature when physiological. This presents possible use of FSH and FSH-receptor antagonists as an anti tumor angiogenesis therapy (cf. avastin for current anti-VEGF approaches).

References

External links

• FSH - Lab Tests Online

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 閉経の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause
• 2. 女性の不妊評価 evaluation of female infertility
• 3. 月経周期の評価と排卵時期 evaluation of the menstrual cycle and timing of ovulation
• 4. 男性における原発性性腺機能低下の原因 causes of primary hypogonadism in males
• 5. 原発性早期卵巣障害（早期卵巣機能不全）の病因と原因 pathogenesis and causes of spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency premature ovarian failure

English Journal

• CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene and male infertility in Egyptian patients.

• Mosaad YM, Shahin D, Elkholy AA, Mosbah A, Badawy W.SourceClinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt  Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt  Mansoura Student Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
• Andrologia.Andrologia.2012 Feb;44(1):26-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01100.x. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
• The CAG repeat and its association with infertility has been debatable. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the distribution of CAG repeat expansion in Egyptian patients and to investigate its association with male infertility. Forty-five infertile men were eligible for the study in addition
• PMID 21486420

• Analysis of pituitary gonadotropin concentration in blood serum and immunolocalization and immunoexpression of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone receptors in ovaries of postmenopausal women.

• Brodowska A, Laszczynska M, Brodowski J, Masiuk M, Starczewski A.SourceDepartment of Gynecology and Urogynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
• Histology and histopathology.Histol Histopathol.2012 Feb;27(2):241-8.
• The participation of gonadotropins in ovarian carcinogenesis is well known and is supported by studies with inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, which results in a diminished risk of cancer. However, there are few data on localization and expression of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Lut
• PMID 22207559

Japanese Journal

• Regulation of Rat Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 29 Gene Expression by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

• OHTA Masanori,OHYAMA Kenji,ASANO Atsushi [他]
• Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76(8), 1540-1543, 2012-08
• NAID 40019400374

• 顕微鏡下精巣内精子回収術(Microdissection testicular sperm extraction : MD-TESE)により精子を回収し得たY染色体常染色体転座の1例

• 湯村 寧,村瀬 真理子,片山 佳代 [他]
• 泌尿器科紀要 58(6), 307-310, 2012-06
• … The plasma levels of lactate hydrogenase, follicle stimulating hormone prolactin and testosterone were within normal limits. …
• NAID 40019323435

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「卵胞刺激ホルモン」「FSH」
拡張検索	「follicle-stimulating hormone」「human follicle-stimulating hormone」「serum follicle-stimulating hormone」
関連記事	「stimulating」

「卵胞刺激ホルモン」

　　[★]

英

follicle stimulating hormone, FSH

同

濾胞刺激ホルモン、フォリトロピン follitropin

関

卵胞

• NGY.266(閉経前後における変動)

分類

• 下垂体ホルモン

性状

• 糖タンパク

産生組織

• 下垂体前葉

生理作用 (QB.Q-212)

• 女性：卵胞の発育促進。顆粒膜細胞に作用して卵胞の発育・分化・エストロゲン産生を促す。
• 男性：精細管のセルトリ細胞の発育を促し、テストステロン下で精細管の分化を促進・精子形成を促進する。

分泌調節

• ネガティブフィードバック：卵巣から分泌されるインヒビンにより下垂体からのFSHの分泌が抑制される。

促進

• ゴナドトロピン放出ホルモン GnRH：視床下部由来の
• レプチン：脂肪細胞から分泌される。やせている場合にはFSHが低下。肥満している状態では視床下部に作用して基礎代謝をあげると共に食欲を抑制する

抑制

• インヒビン：卵胞の顆粒膜細胞、莢膜細胞に由来。

月経・性周期との関連

• 卵胞期に高く、黄体期に低い。
• 排卵期にピークを示す。

基準値

HIM.A-5

女性

• 月経

• 卵胞期　：2.0-20.0 mIU/ml
• 排卵期　：9.0-26.0 mIU/ml
• 黄体期　：1.0-12.0 mIU/ml

• 閉経後　：18.0-153.0 mIU.ml

男性

• 1.0-12.0 mIU/ml

検査の本

女性

• 思春期前：≦4 mIU/ml
• 月経周期

• 卵胞期初期　：2.7-10.2 mIU/ml
• 排卵期ピーク：2-23 mIU/ml
• 黄体期　　　：1.0-8.4 mIU/ml

• 妊娠時　：≦1 mIU/ml
• 閉経後　：9.2-124.7 mIU/ml

男性

• 思春期前：≦4 mIU/ml
• 成年期　：1.2-15 mIU/ml
• 老年期　：≧15 mIU/ml

ホルモン＞:ホルモン

「FSH」

　　[★] 卵胞刺激ホルモン follicle-stimulating hormone follicle stimulating hormone

「follicle-stimulating hormone」

　　[★]

同

FSH

同

FSH

関

gonadotropin

同

FSH

同

FSH

同

FSH

同

(FSH

関

gonadotropin

「human follicle-stimulating hormone」

　　[★]

• ヒト卵胞刺激ホルモン、ヒト濾胞刺激ホルモン

関

hFSH

「serum follicle-stimulating hormone」

　　[★]

• 血清卵胞刺激ホルモン

「stimulating」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 刺激的な

関

exciting、irritant