WordNet

look at (同)eyeball
a small hole or loop (as in a needle); "the thread wouldnt go through the eye"
the organ of sight (同)oculus, optic
attention to what is seen; "he tried to catch her eye"
good discernment (either visually or as if visually); "she has an eye for fresh talent"; "he has an artists eye"
any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc. (同)hurt, harm, trauma
an act that causes someone or something to receive physical damage
wrongdoing that violates anothers rights and is unjustly inflicted
an accident that results in physical damage or hurt (同)accidental injury
having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified; often used in combination; "a peacocks eyed feathers"; "red-eyed"
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...
opinion or judgment; "in the eyes of the law"; "I was wrong in her eyes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(人・動物の器官としての)『目』 / 〈C〉(まぶた・まつ毛・まゆ毛などを含めて,外側からみえる)『目』,目の周り / 〈C〉(目の)虹彩 / 〈C〉『視力』,視覚 / 〈C〉《単数形で》『視線』,まなざし / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》警戒(観察,監視)の目 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(…に対する)鑑識眼,物を見る目,(…を)見分ける力《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》物の見方;観点 / 〈C〉目に似たようなもの(じゃがいもの芽・クジャクの羽の眼状の点など) / 〈C〉針の目,めど / 〈C〉(かぎ・ホックの)受け / 〈C〉台風の目 / (好奇・疑いなどの目で)…‘を'じろじろ見る,注意して見る
『負傷』,『損害』,損傷 / (名誉などを)傷つけること,侮辱《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/08 13:01:23」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A small piece of iron has lodged near the margin of the cornea

Eye injury by impact of small plastic body.

Physical or chemical injuries of the eye can be a serious threat to vision if not treated appropriately and in a timely fashion. The most obvious presentation of ocular (eye) injuries is redness and pain of the affected eyes. This is not, however, universally true, as tiny metallic projectiles may cause neither symptom. Tiny metallic projectiles should be suspected when a patient reports metal on metal contact, such as with hammering a metal surface. Intraocular foreign bodies do not cause pain because of the lack of nerve endings in the vitreous humour and retina that can transmit pain sensations. As such, general or emergency room doctors should refer cases involving the posterior segment of the eye or intraocular foreign bodies to an ophthalmologist. Ideally, ointment would not be used when referring to an ophthalmologist, since it diminishes the ability to carry out a thorough eye examination.

Causes[edit source | edit]

Flicking sand, flying pieces of wood, metal, glass, stone and other material are notorious for causing much of the eye trauma. Sporting balls such as cricket ball, lawn tennis ball, squash ball), shuttle cock (from Badminton) and other high speed flying objects can strike the eye. The eye is also succeptible to blunt trauma in a fistfight. The games of young children such as bow-and-arrows, bb guns and firecrackers can lead to eye trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) with head and facial trauma may also have an eye injury - these are usually severe in nature with multiple lacerations, shards of glasses embedded in tissues, orbital fractures, severe hematoma and penetrating open-globe injuries with prolapse of eye contents. Other causes of intraocular trauma may arise from workplace tools or even common household implements.^[1]

Effects of eye injury[edit source | edit]

Closed globe injury or Non-penetrating trauma: The eye globe is intact, but the seven rings of the eye have been classically described as affected by blunt trauma.
Penetrating trauma: The globe integrity is disrupted by a full-thickness entry wound and may be associated with prolapse of the internal contents of the eye.
Perforating trauma: The globe integrity is disrupted in two places due to an entrance and exit wound (through and through injury). This is a quite severe type of eye injury.
Blowout fracture of the orbit is caused by blunt trauma, classically described for fist or ball injury, leading to fracture of the floor or medial wall of the orbit due to sudden increased pressure on the orbital contents.

Epidemiology[edit source | edit]

A recent study estimated that from 2002-2003 there were 27,152 injuries in the United States related to the wearing of eyeglasses.^[2] The same study concluded that sports-related injuries due to eyeglasses wear were more common in those under the age of 18 and that fall-related injuries due to eyeglasses wear were more common in those aged 65 or more.^[2] Although eyeglasses-related injuries do occur, prescription eyeglasses and non-prescription sunglasses have been found to "offer measurable protection which results in a lower incidence of severe eye injuries to those wearing [them]".^[3]

Investigation[edit source | edit]

The goal of investigation is the assessment of the severity of the ocular injury with an eye to implementing a management plan as soon as is required. The usual eye examination should be attempted, and may require a topical anesthetic in order to be tolerable. Many topical agents cause burning upon instillation. Proxymetacaine has been found to have the best tolerance.^[4]

The first step is to assess the external condition of the eye and orbit, and check for perforations, hyphema, uveal prolapse, or globe penetration. If the pupil is teardrop-shaped, and the anterior chamber is flat, this is almost always a perforating injury of the cornea or limbal area.

Depending on the medical history and preliminary examination, the primary care physician should designate the eye injury as a true emergency, urgent or semi-urgent.

Emergency[edit source | edit]

An emergency must be treated within minutes. This would include chemical burns of the conjunctiva and cornea.

Urgent[edit source | edit]

An urgent case must be treated within hours. This includes penetrating globe injuries; corneal abrasions or corneal foreign bodies; hyphema (must be referred)' eyelid lacerations that are deep, involve the lid margin or involve the lacrimal canaliculi; radiant energy burns such as arc eye (welder's burn) or snow blindness; or, rarely, traumatic optic neuropathy.

Semi-urgent[edit source | edit]

Semi-urgent cases must be managed within 1–2 days. They include orbital fractures and subconjunctival hemorrhages.

Management[edit source | edit]

Irrigation[edit source | edit]

The first line of management for chemical injuries is usually copious irrigation of the eye with an isotonic saline or sterile water. In the cases of chemical burns, one should not try to buffer the solution, but instead dilute it with copious flushing.

Patching[edit source | edit]

Depending on the type of ocular injury, either a pressure patch or shield patch should be applied. In most cases, such as those of corneal abrasion or the like, a pressure patch should be applied that ensures some tension is applied to the eye, and that the patient cannot open his or her eye under the patch. In cases of globe penetration, pressure patches should never be applied, and instead a shield patch should be applied that protects the eye without applying any pressure. If a shield patch is applied to one eye, the other eye should also be patched due to eye movement. If the uninjured eye moves, the injured eye will also move involuntarily possibly causing more damage.

Suturing[edit source | edit]

In cases of eyelid laceration, sutures may be a part of appropriate management by the primary care physician so long as the laceration does not threaten the canaliculi, is not deep, and does not affect the lid margins.

Recovery[edit source | edit]

Eating certain products and using special routines may help recovery.^{[citation needed]}

Complications[edit source | edit]

Multiple complications are known to occur following eye injury: corneal scarring, hyphema, iridodialysis, post-traumatic glaucoma, uveitis cataract, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The complications risk is high with retinal tears, penetrating injuries and severe blunt trauma.

References[edit source | edit]

^ Feist RM, Lim JI, Joondeph BC, Pflugfelder SC, Mieler WF, Ticho BH, Resnick K. "Penetrating ocular injury from contaminated eating utensils." Archives of Ophthalmology. 1991 Jan;109(1):23-30. PMID 1987951.
^ ^a ^b Sinclair SA, Smith GA, Xiang H. "Eyeglasses-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments in 2002-2003." Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006 Feb;13(1):23-30. PMID 16510343.
^ May DR, Kuhn FP, Morris RE, Witherspoon CD, Danis RP, Matthews GP, Mann L. "The epidemiology of serious eye injuries from the United States Eye Injury Registry." Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000 Feb;238(2):153-7. PMID 10766285.
^ "BestBets: Proxymetacaine is the local anaesthetic of choice for removal of corneal foreign bodies".

UpToDate Contents

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1. Approach to eye injuries in the emergency department
2. Overview of eye injuries in the emergency department
3. 眼球開放創：緊急評価および初期マネージメント open globe injuries emergent evaluation and initial management
4. 角膜剥離および角膜異物：臨床症状および診断 corneal abrasions and corneal foreign bodies clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 外傷性前房出血：臨床的特徴および診断 traumatic hyphema clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Quantifying the internal deformation of the rodent spinal cord during acute spinal cord injury - the validation of a method.

Bhatnagar T1,2, Liu J2,3, Yung A2,4, Cripton P1,2,5, Kozlowski P2,4, Tetzlaff W2,3, Oxland T1,2,5.
Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin.2016 Mar;19(4):386-95. doi: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1032944. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Visualization and analysis of the rodent spinal cord subject to experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) has almost completely been limited to naked-eye observations, and a single measure of gross spinal cord motion due to injury. This study introduces a novel method which utilizes MRI to quantify the
PMID 25894327

Autocrine protective mechanisms of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush.

Huang SP1, Fang KT2, Chang CH3, Huang TL4, Wen YT5, Tsai RK6.
Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2016 Feb;143:132-40. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.010. Epub 2015 Oct 28.
This study investigated the role of autocrine mechanisms in the anti-apoptotic effects of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve (ON) crush. We observed that both G-CSF and G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) are expressed in normal rat retina. Fur
PMID 26518178

Reactive gliosis in the adult zebrafish retina.

Thomas JL1, Ranski AH2, Morgan GW3, Thummel R4.
Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2016 Feb;143:98-109. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.09.017. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
In contrast to mammals, zebrafish posses the remarkable ability to regenerate retinal neurons. Damage to the zebrafish retina induces Müller glia to act as stem cells, generating retinal progenitors for regeneration. In contrast, injury in the mammalian retina results in Müller glial reactive glio
PMID 26492821

Japanese Journal

眼疾患 (特集職業関連疾患 : 最新の動向と対策) -- (職業関連疾患の現状と対策)

永田竜朗
日本臨床 72(2), 265-269, 2014-02
NAID 40019951401

Histological Protection by Nilvadipine against Neurotoxicity Induced by NOC12, a Nitric Oxide Donor, in the Rat Retina

Kuroki Taiyo,Mori Asami,Nakahara Tsutomu,Sakamoto Kenji,Ishii Kunio
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(2), 306-310, 2014
… In the present study, we histologically examined the effects of nilvadipine on neuronal injury induced by intravitreal (i.v.) N-methyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">D</span>-aspartate (NMDA) (200 nmol/eye) and intravitreal NOC12 (400 nmol/eye), a nitric oxide donor, in the rat retina. … These results suggest that nilvadipine protects neurons against excitotoxic injury in the rat retina in vivo at least in part via an antioxidative effect. …
NAID 130003390922