WordNet

(physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms" (同)free_energy
a healthy capacity for vigorous activity; "jogging works off my excess energy"; "he seemed full of vim and vigor" (同)vim, vitality
any source of usable power; "the DOE is responsible for maintaining the energy policy"
an imaginative lively style (especially style of writing); "his writing conveys great energy"; "a remarkable muscularity of style" (同)muscularity, vigor, vigour, vim
enterprising or ambitious drive; "Europeans often laugh at American energy" (同)push, get-up-and-go
forceful exertion; "he plays tennis with great energy"; "hes full of zip" (同)vigor, vigour, zip

PrepTutorEJDIC

(一般的な力としての)『精力』,気力,元気 / (個人の)精力,活動力 / エネルギー
〈U〉(…に対する時・金・労力などの)『消費』,『支出』《+『of』+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に)消費(支出)されたもり,(…の)『費用』,経費《+『on』(『for』)+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/07 23:54:26」(JST)

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In biology, energy homeostasis, or energy balance, is an aspect of bioenergetics concerning the energy flow through living systems, by the process of metabolism.^[1] Energy homeostasis involves the human body using chemical and neural signals to adjust the amount of energy flows; and to regulate caloric intake by signaling the brain to regulate the sensation of hunger. Fifty percent of the energy from glucose metabolism is immediately converted to heat.^[2]

Definition

In the US, biological energy is expressed using the energy unit Calorie with a capital C (i.e. kilocalorie), which equals the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C (about 4.18 kJ). ^[3]

Energy balance, through biosynthetic reactions, can be measured with the following equation:

Energy intake (food) = Energy expended (heat + work) + Energy stored.^[1]

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. But energy can be converted from one form of energy to another. So when a calorie of food eaten enters a body, ultimately 100% of that calorie will be converted to heat, resulting in three particular short-term effects: a portion of that calorie is either stored as fat, transferred to the body's cells as chemical energy, by Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a coenzyme and used for mechanical work or chemical synthesis, or immediately dissipated through heat.^[2]

Energy

Intake

Energy intake is calories consumed as food, which is determined by hunger (hypothalamus) and choice (cerebral cortex). Hunger is determined by the impact of the hormones leptin and ghrelin on the hypothalamus.^[4]

Expenditure

Energy expenditure is mainly a sum of internal heat produced and external work. The internal heat produced is, in turn, mainly a sum of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermic effect of food. External work may be estimated by measuring the physical activity level (PAL).^{[citation needed]}

Imbalance

Positive balance

A positive balance is a result of energy intake being higher than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.^{[citation needed]}

The main preventable causes are:

Overeating, resulting in increased energy intake
Sedentary lifestyle, resulting in decreased energy expenditure through external work

A positive balance results in energy being stored as fat and/or muscle, causing weight gain. In time, overweight and obesity may develop, with resultant complications.

Negative balance

A negative balance is a result of energy intake being less than what is consumed in external work and other bodily means of energy expenditure.

The main cause is undereating due to a medical condition such as decreased appetite, anorexia nervosa, digestive disease, or due to some circumstance such as fasting or lack of access to food

Requirement

Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and physical activity level (PAL). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements: Human energy requirements (Rome, 17–24 October 2001) An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the Harris-Benedict equation.

Yet, there are currently ongoing studies to show if calorie restriction to below normal values have beneficial effects, and even though they are showing positive indications in primates^[5]^[6] it is still not certain if calorie restriction has a positive effect on longevity for primates and humans.^[5]^[6] Calorie restriction may be viewed as attaining energy balance at a lower intake and expenditure, and is, in this sense, not generally an energy imbalance, except for an initial imbalance where decreased expenditure hasn't yet matched the decreased intake.

References

^ ^a ^b Keith N. Frayn (2013). Metabolic Regulation: A Human Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1118685334.
^ ^a ^b Kevin G. Murphy & Stephen R. Bloom (December 14, 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis" 444 (7121). Nature. pp. 854–859. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.
^ David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of physics, 9th edition,John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2011, p. 485
^ M. D. Klok, S. Jakobsdottir and M. L. Drent. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x/full
^ ^a ^b Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R (2009). "Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys". Toxicol Pathol 37 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1177/0192623308329476. PMID 19075044.
^ ^a ^b Rezzi S, Martin FP, Shanmuganayagam D, Colman RJ, Nicholson JK, Weindruch R (May 2009). "Metabolic shifts due to long-term caloric restriction revealed in nonhuman primates". Exp. Gerontol. 44 (5): 356–62. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2009.02.008. PMC 2822382. PMID 19264119.

External links

Diagram of regulation of fat stores and hunger [1]
Daily energy requirement calculator
BodyEngine - Visual fitness tool which calculates RMR (resting metabolic rate ), EER and BMI

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 思春期における食物エネルギー所要量 dietary energy requirements in adolescents
2. 高齢者における身体活動および運動 physical activity and exercise in older adults
3. 肥満成人における身体活動および運動の役割 role of physical activity and exercise in obese adults
4. 肥満の病因 pathogenesis of obesity
5. 中等症から重症熱傷患者に対する栄養サポートの評価 evaluating nutritional support for moderate to severe burn patients

English Journal

Normative data and percentile curves of bone mineral density in healthy Iranian children aged 9-18 years.

Jeddi M, Roosta MJ, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Omrani GR, Ayatollahi SM, Bagheri Z, Showraki AR, Bakhshayeshkaram M.SourceEndocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2013 Dec;8(1-2):114. doi: 10.1007/s11657-012-0114-z. Epub 2013 Jan 8.
We provide the first reference values for bone mineral content and bone mineral density according to age and sex in Iranian children and adolescents. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was high, and levels of physical activity were low in our sample. Multiple regression analyses showed age, BMI, an
PMID 23297104

Effects of exercise training on gut hormone levels after a single bout of exercise in middle-aged Japanese women.

Ueda SY, Miyamoto T, Nakahara H, Shishido T, Usui T, Katsura Y, Yoshikawa T, Fujimoto S.SourceDepartment of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 559-8611 Japan.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):83. Epub 2013 Mar 5.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of exercise training on gut hormone levels after a single bout of exercise in middle-aged Japanese women. Twenty healthy middle-aged women were recruited for this study. Several measurements were performed pre and post exercise t
PMID 23504454

Japanese Journal

中性温環境下における降雨が走運動中のヒトの体温調節・エネルギー代謝反応に及ぼす影響

伊藤僚
日本福祉大学全学教育センター紀要 (2), 1-5, 2014-03-31
ヒトは屋外で運動を行う際に,様々な環境に暴露される.筆者はこれまでの研究で降雨を伴う寒冷環境でヒトが走運動を行った際,核心温の低下と酸素摂取量,血中乳酸濃度の上昇が起こることを報告した.しかしながらこれまでに降雨環境を設定し,運動中の生理的応答をみた研究は少ない.そこで本研究は降雨を伴った中性温環境が運動中の体温調節,エネルギー代謝反応に及ぼす影響を検討した.被験者は健康な男性 7 名とし,環境温 …
NAID 110009726050

複数の3軸加速度センサを用いたNon-Exercise Activity Thermogenesisを含む身体活動のモデル化

中尾京子,梅田智広,高田雅美,城和貴
情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2014-MPS-97(21), 1-6, 2014-02-24
日常生活における運動強度の低い身体活動 (NEAT) による代謝は,人の総エネルギー消費量の 20〜30%を占め,個人差も大きい.そこで,運動だけでなく,NEAT を含むあらゆる身体活動のエネルギー消費量を推定するモデル化を行う.エネルギー消費量は体重に比例するため,体の中で最も比重の大きい胴体のエネルギー消費に注目する.胴体の動きをより正確に捉えるため,両胸椎,腰椎の 3 点の 3 軸加速度デー …
NAID 110009673893

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「bioenergetics」「エネルギー支出」「エネルギー消費」「エネルギー代謝」「energy consumption」
拡張検索	「resting energy expenditure」「total energy expenditure」
関連記事	「expenditure」「energy」