draft sequence

ドラフト配列、ドラフトシークエンス

WordNet

1. determine the order of constituents in; "They sequenced the human genome"
2. a following of one thing after another in time; "the doctor saw a sequence of patients" (同)chronological sequence, succession, successiveness, chronological succession
3. film consisting of a succession of related shots that develop a given subject in a movie (同)episode
4. serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern; "the sequence of names was alphabetical"; "he invented a technique to determine the sequence of base pairs in DNA"
5. several repetitions of a melodic phrase in different keys
6. arrange in a sequence
7. draw up an outline or sketch for something; "draft a speech" (同)outline
8. a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another (同)bill_of_exchange, order of payment
9. a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) (同)draught
10. a dose of liquid medicine; "he took a sleeping draft" (同)draught
11. the depth of a vessels keel below the surface (especially when loaded) (同)draught
12. the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling (同)draught, drawing
13. a preliminary sketch of a design or picture (同)rough drawing
14. a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
15. any of the various versions in the development of a written work; "a preliminary draft"; "the final draft of the constitution" (同)draft copy
16. a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg; "they served beer on draft" (同)draught, potation, tipple
17. the craft of drawing blueprints (同)mechanical_drawing
18. writing a first version to be filled out and polished later

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉(時間の上の,また因果関係のつながりによる)『連続』,続き / 〈C〉《a~》(…の)一連のもの《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(起こる)『順序』(order),筋道 / 〈C〉(…に対する)結果《+『to』+『名』》
2. 配列,接続;(特に時間の)調整

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/03/17 18:15:49」(JST)

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For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics. For other uses, see Genome (disambiguation).

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An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.)

In terms of modern molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as the genetic material of the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Non-technical overview

A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. For example, the human genome is analogous to the instructions stored in a cookbook. Just as a cookbook gives the instructions needed to make a range of meals including a holiday feast or a summer picnic, the human genome contains all the instructions needed to make the full range of human cell types including muscle cells or neurons.

• The book (genome) would contain 23 chapters (chromosomes);
• Each chapter contains 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) without spaces;
• Hence, the book contains over 3.2 billion letters total;
• The book contains approximately 20,000 different recipes (genes), which together make up less than 2% of the letters in the book;
• Most cells carry two copies of the book;
• These books fit into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint;
• In meiosis, the genetic material of gametes is divided in half to create egg and sperm cells, which have only one copy of the book.

Origin of term

The term genome was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name is a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Sequencing and mapping

Further information: Genome project

A genome sequence is the complete list of the nucleotides (A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that make up all the chromosomes of an individual or a species. Within a species, the vast majority of nucleotides are identical between individuals, but sequencing multiple individuals is necessary to understand the genetic diversity.

Part of DNA sequence - prototypification of complete genome of virus

In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Reference genome sequences and maps continue to be updated, removing errors and clarifying regions of high allelic complexity. The decreasing cost of genomic mapping has permitted genealogical sites to offer it as a service, to the extent that one may submit one's genome to crowd sourced scientific endeavours such as DNA.LAND at the New York Genome Center, an example both of the economies of scale and of citizen science.

Viral genomes

Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule.

Prokaryotic genomes

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes. If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in their genomes.

Some bacteria have auxiliary genetic material, which is carried in plasmids.

Eukaryotic genomes

Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from Jack jumper ants and an asexual nemotode, which each have only one pair, to a fern species that has 720 pairs. A typical human cell has two copies of each of 22 autosomes, one inherited from each parent, plus two sex chromosomes, making it diploid. Gametes, such as ova, sperm, spores, and pollen, are haploid, meaning they carry only one copy of each chromosome.

In addition to the chromosomes in the nucleus, organelles such as the chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". Like the bacteria they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome.

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

Coding sequences

DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes.

Most bacteria have little or no repetitive DNA, hence their typical protein coding capacity is in the range of 85-90%. However, some symbiotic bacteria (e.g. Serratia symbiotica) have reduced genomes and a high fraction of pseudogenes: only ~40% of their DNA encodes proteins. Simple eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of repetitive DNA is more than 80%. Similarly, only 2% of the human genome codes for proteins.

Composition of the human genome

Noncoding sequences

Noncoding sequences include introns, sequences for non-coding RNAs, regulatory regions, and repetitive DNA. Noncoding sequences make up 98% of the human genome. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Tandem repeats

Short, non-coding sequences that are repeated head-to-tail are called tandem repeats. Microsatellites consisting of 2-5 basepair repeats, while minisatellite repeats are 30-35 bp. Tandem repeats make up about 4% of the human genome and 9% of the fruit fly genome. Tandom repeats can be functional. For example, telomeres are composed of the tandem repeat TTAGGG in mammals, and they play an important role in protecting the ends of the chromosome.

In other cases, expansions in the number of tandem repeats in exons or introns can cause disease. For example, the human gene huntingtin typically contains 6-29 tandem repeats of the nucleotides CAG (encoding a polyglutamine tract). An expansion to over 36 repeats results in Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disease. Twenty human disorders are known to result from similar tandem repeat expansions in various genes. The mechanism by which proteins with expanded polygulatamine tracts cause death of neurons is not fully understood. One possibility is that the proteins fail to fold properly and avoid degradation, instead accumulating in aggregates that also sequester important transcription factors, thereby altering gene expression.

Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion.

Transposable elements

Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences of DNA with a defined structure that are able to change their location in the genome. TEs are categorized as either class I TEs, which replicate by a copy-and-paste mechanism, or class II TEs, which can be excised from the genome and inserted at a new location.

The movement of TEs is a driving force of genome evolution in eukaryotes because their insertion can disrupt gene functions, homologous recombination between TEs can produce duplications, and TE can shuffle exons and regulatory sequences to new locations.

Retrotransposons

Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are derived from ancient retroviral infections, so they encode proteins related to retroviral proteins including gag (structural proteins of the virus), pol (reverse transcriptase and integrase), pro (protease), and in some cases env (envelope) genes. These genes are flanked by long repeats at both 5' and 3' ends. It has been reported that LTRs consist of the largest fraction in most plant genome and might account for the huge variation in genome size.

Non-long terminal repeats (Non-LTRs) are classified as long interspersed elements (LINEs), short interspersed elements (SINEs), and Penelope-like elements. In Dictyostelium discoideum, there is another DIRS-like elements belong to Non-LTRs. Non-LTRs are widely spread in eukaryotic genomes.

Long interspersed elements (LINEs) encode genes for reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, making them autonomous transposable elements. The human genome has around 500,000 LINEs, taking around 17% of the genome.

Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are usually less than 500 base pairs and are non-autonomous, so they rely on the proteins encoded by LINEs for transposition. The Alu element is the most common SINE found in primates. It is about 350 base pairs and occupies about 11% of the human genome with around 1,500,000 copies.

DNA transposons

DNA transposons encode a transposase enzyme between inverted terminal repeats. When expressed, the transposase recognizes the terminal inverted repeats that flank the transposon and catalyzes its excision and reinsertion in a new site. This cut-and-paste mechanism typically reinserts transposons near their original location (within 100kb). DNA transposons are found in bacteria and make up 3% of the human genome and 12% of the genome of the roundworm C. elegans.

Genome size

Log-log plot of the total number of annotated proteins in genomes submitted to GenBank as a function of genome size.

Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. In humans, the nuclear genome comprises approximately 3.2 billion nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50 000 000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

Here is a table of some significant or representative genomes. See #See also for lists of sequenced genomes.

Organism type	Organism	Genome size (base pairs)		Approx. no. of genes	Note
Virus	Porcine circovirus type 1	1,759	1.8kb		Smallest viruses replicating autonomously in eukaryotic cells.
Virus	Bacteriophage MS2	3,569	3.5kb		First sequenced RNA-genome
Virus	SV40	5,224	5.2kb
Virus	Phage Φ-X174	5,386	5.4kb		First sequenced DNA-genome
Virus	HIV	9,749	9.7kb
Virus	Phage λ	48,502	48.5kb		Often used as a vector for the cloning of recombinant DNA.
Virus	Megavirus	1,259,197	1.3Mb		Until 2013 the largest known viral genome.
Virus	Pandoravirus salinus	2,470,000	2.47Mb		Largest known viral genome.
Bacterium	Nasuia deltocephalinicola (strain NAS-ALF)	112,091	112kb		Smallest non-viral genome.
Bacterium	Carsonella ruddii	159,662	160kb
Bacterium	Buchnera aphidicola	600,000	600kb
Bacterium	Wigglesworthia glossinidia	700,000	700Kb
Bacterium	Haemophilus influenzae	1,830,000	1.8Mb		First genome of a living organism sequenced, July 1995
Bacterium	Escherichia coli	4,600,000	4.6Mb	4288
Bacterium	Solibacter usitatus (strain Ellin 6076)	9,970,000	10Mb
Bacterium – cyanobacterium	Prochlorococcus spp. (1.7 Mb)	1,700,000	1.7Mb	1884	Smallest known cyanobacterium genome
Bacterium – cyanobacterium	Nostoc punctiforme	9,000,000	9Mb	7432	7432 "open reading frames"
Amoeboid	Polychaos dubium ("Amoeba" dubia)	670,000,000,000	670Gb		Largest known genome. (Disputed)
Eukaryotic organelle	Human mitochondrion	16,569	16.6kb
Plant	Genlisea tuberosa	61,000,000	61Mb		Smallest recorded flowering plant genome, 2014.
Plant	Arabidopsis thaliana	135,000,000	135 Mb	27,655	First plant genome sequenced, December 2000.
Plant	Populus trichocarpa	480,000,000	480Mb	73013	First tree genome sequenced, September 2006
Plant	Fritillaria assyrica	130,000,000,000	130Gb
Plant	Paris japonica (Japanese-native, pale-petal)	150,000,000,000	150Gb		Largest plant genome known
Plant – moss	Physcomitrella patens	480,000,000	480Mb		First genome of a bryophyte sequenced, January 2008.
Fungus – yeast	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	12,100,000	12.1Mb	6294	First eukaryotic genome sequenced, 1996
Fungus	Aspergillus nidulans	30,000,000	30Mb	9541
Nematode	Pratylenchus coffeae	20,000,000	20Mb		Smallest animal genome known
Nematode	Caenorhabditis elegans	100,300,000	100Mb	19000	First multicellular animal genome sequenced, December 1998
Insect	Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)	175,000,000	175Mb	13600	Size variation based on strain (175-180Mb; standard y w strain is 175Mb)
Insect	Apis mellifera (honey bee)	236,000,000	236Mb	10157	)
Insect	Bombyx mori (silk moth)	432,000,000	432Mb	14623	14,623 predicted genes
Insect	Solenopsis invicta (fire ant)	480,000,000	480Mb	16569
Mammal	Mus musculus	2,700,000,000	2.7Gb	20210
Mammal	Homo sapiens	3,289,000,000	3.3Gb	20000	Homo sapiens estimated genome size 3.2 billion bp Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
Mammal	Pan paniscus	3,286,640,000	3.3Gb	20000	Bonobo - estimated genome size 3.29 billion bp
Fish	Tetraodon nigroviridis (type of puffer fish)	385,000,000	390Mb		Smallest vertebrate genome known estimated to be 340 Mb – 385 Mb.
Fish	Protopterus aethiopicus (marbled lungfish)	130,000,000,000	130Gb		Largest vertebrate genome known

Genomic alterations

All the cells of an organism originate from a single cell, so they are expected to have identical genomes; however, in some cases, differences arise. Both the process of copying DNA during cell division and exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. In some cases, such mutations lead to cancer because they cause cells to divide more quickly and invade surrounding tissues. In certain lymphocytes in the human immune system, V(D)J recombination generates different genomic sequences such that each cell produces a unique antibody or T cell receptors.

During meiosis, diploid cells divide twice to produce haploid germ cells. During this process, recombination results in a reshuffling of the genetic material from homologous chromosomes so each gamete has a unique genome.

Genome evolution

Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as karyotype (chromosome number), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).

Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.

Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often an extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes. Recent empirical data suggest an important role of viruses and sub-viral RNA-networks to represent a main driving role to generate genetic novelty and natural genome editing.

In fiction

Works of science fiction illustrate concerns about the availability of genome sequences.

Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park and the subsequent film tell the story of a billionaire who creates a theme park of cloned dinosaurs on a remote island, with disastrous outcomes. A geneticist extracts dinosaur DNA from the blood of ancient mosquitoes and fills in the gaps with DNA from modern species to create several species of dinosaurs. A chaos theorist is asked to give his expert opinion on the safety of engineering an ecosystem with the dinosaurs, and he repeatedly warns that the outcomes of the project will be unpredictable and ultimately uncontrollable. These warnings about the perils of using genomic information are a major theme of the book.

The 1997 film Gattaca is set in a futurist society where genomes of children are engineered to contain the most ideal combination of their parents' traits, and metrics such as risk of heart disease and predicted life expectancy are documented for each person based on their genome. People conceived outside of the eugenics program, known as "In-Valids" suffer discrimination and are relegated to menial occupations. The protagonist of the film is an In-Valid who works to defy the supposed genetic odds and achieve his dream of working as a space navigator. The film warns against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and can't afford genetically engineered children.

See also

• Bacterial genome size
• Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
• Genome Browser
• Genome Compiler
• Genome topology
• Genome-wide association study
• List of sequenced animal genomes
• List of sequenced archaeal genomes
• List of sequenced bacterial genomes
• List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
• List of sequenced fungi genomes
• List of sequenced plant genomes
• List of sequenced plastomes
• List of sequenced protist genomes
• Metagenomics
• Microbiome
• Molecular epidemiology
• Molecular pathological epidemiology
• Molecular pathology
• Nucleic acid sequence
• Pan-genome
• Precision medicine
• Sequenceome
• Whole genome sequencing

Further reading

• Benfey, P.; Protopapas, A.D. (2004). Essentials of Genomics. Prentice Hall. 
• Brown, Terence A. (2002). Genomes 2. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85996-029-5. 
• Gibson, Greg; Muse, Spencer V. (2004). A Primer of Genome Science (Second ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. ISBN 0-87893-234-8. 
• Gregory (2005). T. Ryan, ed. The Evolution of the Genome. Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-301463-8. 
• Reece, Richard J. (2004). Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-84379-9. 
• Saccone, Cecilia; Pesole, Graziano (2003). Handbook of Comparative Genomics. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-39128-X. 
• Werner, E. (2003). "In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes". Drug Discov Today. 8 (24): 1121–1127. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(03)02918-0. PMID 14678738. 

External links

• UCSC Genome Browser – view the genome and annotations for more than 80 organisms.
• genomecenter.howard.edu
• Build a DNA Molecule
• Some comparative genome sizes
• DNA Interactive: The History of DNA Science
• DNA From The Beginning
• All About The Human Genome Project—from Genome.gov
• Animal genome size database
• Plant genome size database
• GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database
• The Genome News Network
• NCBI Entrez Genome Project database
• NCBI Genome Primer
• GeneCards—an integrated database of human genes
• Visualization of nucleotide sequence - prototypification of complete genome of virus, sequence of 5418 nucleotides
• BBC News – Final genome 'chapter' published
• IMG (The Integrated Microbial Genomes system)—for genome analysis by the DOE-JGI
• GeKnome Technologies Next-Gen Sequencing Data Analysis—next-generation sequencing data analysis for Illumina and 454 Service from GeKnome Technologies.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における迅速導入気管挿管のための前処置剤 pretreatment agents for rapid sequence intubation in adults
• 2. 成人における迅速導入気管挿管 rapid sequence intubation in adults
• 3. 成人における迅速導入気管挿管のための神経筋遮断剤（NMBA） neuromuscular blocking agents nmba for rapid sequence intubation in adults
• 4. 成人における迅速導入気管挿管のための鎮静剤または導入剤 sedation or induction agents for rapid sequence intubation in adults
• 5. 腎移植のための麻酔 anesthesia for renal transplantation

English Journal

• CO2 assimilation in the chemocline of Lake Cadagno is dominated by a few types of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria.

• Storelli N, Peduzzi S, Saad MM, Frigaard NU, Perret X, Tonolla M.SourceDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology, Microbiology Unit, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
• FEMS microbiology ecology.FEMS Microbiol Ecol.2013 May;84(2):421-32. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12074. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
• Lake Cadagno is characterized by a compact chemocline that harbors high concentrations of various phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Four strains representing the numerically most abundant populations in the chemocline were tested in dialysis bags in situ for their ability to fix CO2 . The purple sulfur
• PMID 23330958

• Draft Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain EPM1, Found in Association with a Culture of the Human Parasite Giardia duodenalis.

• Sassera D, Leardini I, Villa L, Comandatore F, Carta C, Almeida A, do Céu Sousa M, Gaiarsa S, Marone P, Pozio E, Cacciò SM.SourceDIVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;
• Genome announcements.Genome Announc.2013 Apr 18;1(2). pii: e00182-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00182-13.
• We report the draft genome sequence of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain EPM1, found in association with a culture of Giardia duodenalis. The draft genome sequence of S. maltophilia strain EPM1, obtained with Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology, is composed of 19 contigs totaling 4,785,869 
• PMID 23599297

• Draft Genome Sequence of Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense Strain CDB2, a Highly Efficient Arsenate-Resistant Soil Bacterium from Arsenic-Contaminated Cattle Dip Sites.

• Yang Y, Yu X, Zhang R.SourceSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
• Genome announcements.Genome Announc.2013 Apr 18;1(2). pii: e00173-13. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00173-13.
• We report the 4.97-Mb draft genome sequence of a highly efficient arsenate-resistant bacterium, Ochrobactrum sp. strain CDB2. It contains a novel arsenic resistance (ars) operon (arsR-arsC1-ACR3-arsC2-arsH-mfs) and two non-operon-associated ars genes, arsC3 and arsB. The genome information will aid
• PMID 23599296

Japanese Journal

• Acanthamoeba containing endosymbiotic chlamydia isolated from hospital environments and its potential role in inflammatory exacerbation

• BMC Microbiology 16(1), 292, 2016-12-15
• NAID 120005905631

• Draft Genome Sequence ofPseudomonassp. LAB-08 Isolated from Trichloroethene-Contaminated Aquifer Soil

• Genome Announcements 4(5), e00948-16, 2016-09-22
• NAID 120005890552

• Draft genome sequence of an inbred line of Chenopodium quinoa, an allotetraploid crop with great environmental adaptability and outstanding nutritional properties

• DNA Research 23, 2016-07-25
• NAID 120005825895

Related Links

• ゲノムドラフト配列とは？？？ - 遺伝子につい ...- Yahoo!知恵袋

【ベストアンサー】特殊な術語というより、英語のdraftの意味そのままなのですが、ゲノム配列の「草案」、「下書き」です。 全ゲノム配列の100％は解読されてはいない、ギャップが残ってい ...

• Glossary:Draft Genome Sequence - Mouse Genome Informatics

Definition Sequence of genomic DNA having lower accuracy than finished sequence; some segments are missing or in the wrong order or orientation. See also Finished Sequence.

• What was the ‘draft sequence’ of the Human Genome Project ...

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リンク元	「ドラフト配列」「ドラフトシークエンス」
拡張検索	「human genome draft sequence」
関連記事	「sequence」「draft」「sequencing」

「ドラフト配列」

　　[★]

英

draft sequence

関

ドラフトシークエンス

「ドラフトシークエンス」

　　[★]

英

draft sequence

関

ドラフト配列

「human genome draft sequence」

　　[★]

• ヒトゲノムドラフト配列

「sequence」

　　[★]

• n.

• 配列、連続、順序、結果、筋道、シークエンス

• v.

• 配列決定する

関

a sequence of、arrange、arrangement、array、barrage、consecutive、consequence、constellation、continually、continue、continuous、order、ordinal、outcome、output、product、result、resultant、sequencing、sequential、serial、series、thread

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「draft」

　　[★]

• 図案、ドラフト、立案する

関

chemical hood、draft chamber、fume hood

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「sequencing」

　　[★]

• n.

• 配列決定、塩基配列決定、塩基配列決定法、シークエンシング

関

sequence