WordNet

remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" (同)debone
the porous calcified substance from which bones are made (同)osseous_tissue
consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body"
a shade of white the color of bleached bones (同)ivory, pearl, off-white
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates (同)os
of or relating to the cranium which encloses the brain; "cranial pressure"
a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance (同)castanets, clappers, finger cymbals

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉骨 / 〈U〉骨を作っている物質,骨質 / 《複数形で》骨格;死骸(がい) / 〈魚など〉‘の'骨を取る
頭蓋(ずがい)の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/10 07:04:59」(JST)

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In mammals, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan^[1]^[2] is the upper and back part of the skull.

The skull can be divided into two parts: the neurocranium, which forms a protective case around the brain, and the facial skeleton, which forms the skeleton of the face.^[3]

In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The lower part of the skull is the facial skeleton, also known as the splanchnocranium.

Structure

The neurocranium is divided into two portions:

the membranous part, consisting of flat bones, which surround the brain; and
the cartilaginous part, or chondrocranium, which forms bones of the base of the skull.^[3]

In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the following eight bones:

1 ethmoid bone
1 frontal bone^[4]
1 occipital bone
2 parietal bones
1 sphenoid bone
2 temporal bones

The ossicles (three on each side) are usually not included as bones of the neurocranium.^[5] There may variably also be extra sutural bones present.

Below the neurocranium is a complex of openings (foramina) and bones, including the foramen magnum which houses the neural spine. The auditory bullae, located in the same region, aid in hearing.^[6]

The size of the neurocranium is variable among mammals. The roof may contain ridges such as the temporal crests.

Development

The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm. There is also some contribution of ectomesenchyme. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification.

Other animals

The neurocranium is formed by the endocranium, the lower portions of the cranial vault, and the skull roof. These are not fused in fishes, and a proper neurocranium is only found in land vertebrates.

Evolutionarily, the human neurocranium has expanded from comprising the back part of the mammalian skull to being also the upper part: during the evolutionary expansion of the brain, the neurocranium has overgrown the splanchnocranium. The upper-frontmost part of the cranium also houses the evolutionarily newest part of the human brain, the frontal lobes.

Additional images

Animation without left parietal bone, showing cranial cavity and inner surface of base of skull.
Inner surface of base of skull.
Neurocranium (labeled as "Brain case") and facial bones.

References

^ "Brainpan - Medical Definition and More from Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster/Medical.
^ Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing.
^ ^a ^b Sadler, Thomas W. (February 2009). Langman's Medical Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 173. ISBN 0781790697.
^ In small children, the frontal bone is still separated into two parts, by the frontal suture, which normally closes during postnatal development.
^ but if they are included, the neurocranium will then have to be said to consist of fourteen bones
^ Elbroch, M. 2006. Animal skulls: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0-8117-3309-0

UpToDate Contents

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1. 頭蓋骨縫合早期癒合症の概要 overview of craniosynostosis
2. 小児における神経画像検査へのアプローチ approach to neuroimaging in children
3. 小細胞肺癌患者に対する予防的全脳照射 prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small cell lung cancer
4. 頭蓋照射の遅延合併症 delayed complications of cranial irradiation
5. Non-stress fractures of the tarsal (foot) navicular

English Journal

Wnt16 is involved in intramembranous ossification and suppresses osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Jiang Z, Von den Hoff JW, Torensma R, Meng L, Bian Z.Author information The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China.AbstractIn the course of embryonic development skeletal elements form either through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Wnt proteins play diverse roles during vertebrate skeletal development. Wnt16 is a key factor in developing long bones, but its exact role in craniofacial bone formation remains unclear. This study was initially undertaken to investigate the expression of Wnt16 during craniofacial bone development in mouse embryos. Wnt16 expression in the osteoid of calvaria, maxilla, and mandible started later than that of ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), but before mineralization of the craniofacial bones, suggesting that Wnt16 is involved in intramembranous ossification in the head. To confirm this, MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with an adenovirus containing Wnt16 (Ad-Wnt16). Ad-Wnt16 cells showed decreased ALP activity and less mineralized nodule formations compared with control cells. In addition, the mRNA levels of osteogenic markers were reduced. Moreover, Wnt16 activated β-catenin signaling in MC3T3-E1 cells at both transcription and protein levels as shown by a TOPflash luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot analysis. On the other hand, Wnt/β-catenin pathway blockade by Dickkopf 1 abrogated the suppression of mineralization by Wnt16. Our findings suggest that Wnt16 is involved in intramembranous ossification and suppresses osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Mar;229(3):384-92. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24460.
In the course of embryonic development skeletal elements form either through intramembranous or endochondral ossification. Wnt proteins play diverse roles during vertebrate skeletal development. Wnt16 is a key factor in developing long bones, but its exact role in craniofacial bone formation remains
PMID 24037946

Complex Craniofacial Changes in Blind Cave-Dwelling Fish Are Mediated by Genetically Symmetric and Asymmetric Loci.

Gross JB, Krutzler AJ, Carlson BM.Author information University of Cincinnati.AbstractThe genetic regulators of regressive craniofacial morphologies are poorly understood. To shed light on this problem, we examined the freshwater fish Astyanax mexicanus, a species with surface-dwelling and multiple independent eyeless cave-dwelling forms. Changes affecting the skull in cavefish include morphological alterations to the intramembranous circumorbital bones encircling the eye. Many of these modifications, however, have evolved separately from eye loss, such as fragmentation of the third suborbital bone. To understand the genetic architecture of these eye-independent craniofacial alterations, we developed and scored 33 phenotypes in the context of an F2 hybrid mapping pedigree bred from Pachón cavefish and surface fish. We discovered several individuals exhibiting dramatic left-right differences in bone formation, such as extensive fragmentation on the right side only. This observation, along with well-known eye size asymmetry in natural cave-dwelling animals, led us to further evaluate left-right genetic differences for the craniofacial complex. We discovered three phenotypes, inclusive of bone fragmentation and fusion, which demonstrated a directional heritable basis only on one side. Interestingly, the overall areas of affected bones were genetically symmetric. Phenotypic effect plots of these novel craniofacial QTL revealed that cave alleles are associated with abnormal conditions such as bony fusion and fragmentation. Moreover, many linked loci overlapped with other cave-associated traits, suggesting regressive craniofacial changes may evolve through linkage or as antagonistic pleiotropic consequences of cave-associated adaptations. These novel findings illuminate significant craniofacial changes accompanying evolution in complete darkness and reveal complex changes to the skull differentially influenced by genetic changes affecting the left and right sides.
Genetics.Genetics.2014 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]
The genetic regulators of regressive craniofacial morphologies are poorly understood. To shed light on this problem, we examined the freshwater fish Astyanax mexicanus, a species with surface-dwelling and multiple independent eyeless cave-dwelling forms. Changes affecting the skull in cavefish inclu
PMID 24496009

Postnatal Development of the Skull of Dinilysia patagonica (Squamata-Stem Serpentes).

Scanferla A, Bhullar BA.Author information CONICET, Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA (IBIGEO), Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Salta, Salta, Argentina.AbstractThe snake skull represents a profound transformation of the ancestral squamate cranium in which dermal skull roof bones were integrated with the braincase, in a manner convergent with that which occurred during the origin of mammals. However, the ontogeny of snake characters at the origin of the clade has until now been inaccessible. Here we describe a postnatal ontogenetic series of the Late Cretaceous stem snake Dinilysia patagonica and compare it to that of extant lizards and snakes. Comparative analysis indicates notable ontogenetic changes, including advanced state of ossification, isometric growth of the otic capsule, fusion of the stylohyal to the quadrate, and great posterior elongation of the supratemporal. Of these transformations, the unfused condition of braincase bones and the retention of a large otic capsule in adults are examples of paedomorphic and peramorphic processes, respectively. Some ontogenetic transformations detected, in particular those present in middle ear, skull roof and suspensorium, are strikingly similar to those present in extant snakes. Nevertheless, Dinilysia retains a lizard-like paroccipital process without an epiphyseal extremity, and a calcified epiphysis that caps the sphenoccipital tubercle. Finally, the integration of the dermal skull roof with the braincase is similar to that seen in mammals with regard to the overall closure of the braincase, but the two evolutionary and developmental modules appear less integrated in snakes in that the parietal bone of the dermal skull roof progressively overlaps the supraoccipital of the chondrocranial braincase. Anat Rec, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007).Anat Rec (Hoboken).2014 Feb 3. doi: 10.1002/ar.22862. [Epub ahead of print]
The snake skull represents a profound transformation of the ancestral squamate cranium in which dermal skull roof bones were integrated with the braincase, in a manner convergent with that which occurred during the origin of mammals. However, the ontogeny of snake characters at the origin of the cla
PMID 24493375

Japanese Journal

現生シーラカンス (Latimeria chalumnae) における第一・第二背鰭間の機能形態学的戦略の相違

遠藤秀紀,大村文乃,酒井健夫,伊藤琢也,鯉江洋,岩田雅光,安部義孝
Japanese journal of zoo and wildlife medicine = 日本野生動物医学会誌 17(2), 79-86, 2012-06-01
現生シーラカンスの第一および第二背鰭を三次元復構画像を用いて検討し，軸上筋と軸下筋，第一背鰭に関連する筋肉，第二背鰭固有の筋肉の断面積を画像解析手法により計測した。第一背鰭に関連する筋肉は体幹の背側端を超えて鱗状鰭条まで伸長することはなかった。しかし，鱗状鰭条からなる放射した鰭は体幹部の骨性の板によって支持されていた。第二背鰭では，体幹部の2つの骨が鰭の4つの骨格要素を支持し，その4つの骨の周囲に …
NAID 10030432321

薬剤性肝障害にて死亡した急性浸潤型副鼻腔真菌症例

飯塚崇,岡田弘子,畠将晃 [他],村田潤子,池田勝久
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(5), 437-440, 2012-05-01
… Invasive fungal sinusitis can destroy bones, muscles and tissues and cause orbital and cranial complications, and increases the mortality rate. …
NAID 10030600936

臨床多断面再構築法(MPR)CTおよび3D-CTで評価できた外傷性耳小骨離断例

村井綾,田村耕三,土井彰 [他],假谷伸,西﨑和則
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 105(10), 939-944, 2012
… The creation of additional MPR images and 3D reconstruction images from the original CT data set can help overcome the limitations of conventional CT images by providing a more anatomically meaningful display of complex structures in the temporal bones. … A 27-year-old female had fractures of the cranial base, temporal bone, mandible, zygomatic bone, and optic canal sustained as the result of a traffic accident. …
NAID 130002141420

「頭蓋骨」

Neurocranium
	The eight bones that form the human neurocranium.
	The eight cranial bones. (Facial bones are shown in semi-transparent.) Yellow: Frontal bone (1) Blue: Parietal bone (2) Purple: Sphenoid bone (1) Orange: Temporal bone (2) Green: Occipital bone (1) Red: Ethmoid bone (1)
Details
Identifiers
Latin	Neurocranium
TA	A02.1.00.007
FMA	53672
	Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: cranium, skull, cranial bones
ラ: ossa cranii
関: 頭蓋

定義

頭蓋を構成する骨の総称

区分

頭蓋骨

頭頂骨：1対
前頭骨
後頭骨
蝶形骨
側頭骨：1対
篩骨
下鼻甲介：1対
涙骨：1対
鼻骨：1対
鋤骨
上顎骨：1対
口蓋骨：1対
頬骨：1対
下顎骨
(舌骨)

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「overlapping of cranial bones」

　　[★] 骨重積。頭蓋骨重積

「cranial」

　　[★]

adj.

頭蓋の、頭側の

関: cephalad、crania、cranium、rostral、skull

「bone」

　　[★] 骨　　　　　　

[1] "Brainpan - Medical Definition and More from Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster/Medical.

[2] Nyiszli, Miklos (2011). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing.

[:0-3] Sadler, Thomas W. (February 2009). Langman's Medical Embryology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 173. ISBN 0781790697.

[4] In small children, the frontal bone is still separated into two parts, by the frontal suture, which normally closes during postnatal development.

[5] ut if they are included, the neurocranium will then have to be said to consist of fourteen bones

[6] Elbroch, M. 2006. Animal skulls: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0-8117-3309-0

v t e Compound structures of skull

Neurocranium	Calvaria Diploë Asterion Pterion Stephanion Inion Bregma Lambda Fossae anterior middle posterior cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelle anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid

Facial skeleton	Nasion Gonion

Both	dacryon zygomatic arch temporal fossa infratemporal fossa pterygomaxillary fissure pterygopalatine fossa

リンク元	「頭蓋骨」
拡張検索	「overlapping of cranial bones」
関連記事	「cranial」「bone」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

cranial bones