concentration

• n.

• 濃度、濃縮、(精神の)集中

関

attention、attentive、centralize、conc.、concentrate、concentrated、condensation、enrich、enrichment、focus

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. the spatial property of being crowded together (同)density, denseness, tightness, compactness
2. bringing together military forces
3. strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
5. complete attention; intense mental effort (同)engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. increase in density
7. draw together or meet in one common center; "These groups concentrate in the inner cities"
8. make denser, stronger, or purer; "concentrate juice"
9. a concentrated example of something; "the concentrate of contemporary despair"
10. a concentrated form of a foodstuff; the bulk is reduced by removing water
11. direct ones attention on something; "Please focus on your studies and not on your hobbies" (同)focus, center, centre, pore, rivet
12. atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold (同)condensate
13. the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state
14. a shortened version of a written work (同)abridgement, abridgment, capsule
15. (psychoanalysis) an unconscious process whereby two ideas or images combine into a single symbol; especially in dreams
16. make wealthy or richer; "the oil boom enriched a lot of local people"
17. make better or improve in quality; "The experience enriched her understanding"; "enriched foods"
18. of or relating to a solution whose dilution has been reduced
19. gathered together or made less diffuse; "their concentrated efforts"; "his concentrated attention"; "concentrated study"; "a narrow thread of concentrated ore"
20. intensely focused; "her concentrated passion held them at bay"
21. a gift that significantly increases the recipients wealth
22. act of making fuller or more meaningful or rewarding
23. a situation characterized by crowding and extremely harsh conditions

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉(…への)(光線・注意などの)集中;(仕事などへの)専念,専心《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(人口などの)集中 / 〈U〉濃縮;〈液体の〉濃度
2. (…に)〈光線・注意など〉'を'『集中する』《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈液体など〉'を'濃縮する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(…に)『集中する』 / 専念する《+『on』+『名』》 / 濃縮したもの,濃縮液
3. 〈U〉(気体から液体・固体への)凝縮,凝結,(液体の)濃縮 / 〈C〉凝縮(濃縮)されたもの / 〈U〉〈C〉(思想・表現・物語などの)縮約;縮約されたもの
4. (…で)〈社会・人など〉‘を'『裕福にする』,金持ちにする《+『名』+『by』+『名』》 / (…で)〈生活・心・文化など〉‘を'『豊かにする』,充実させる《+『名』+『by』(『with, through』)+『名』》 / (ある成分・要素などを加えて)…‘の'質を向上させる《+『名』+『by』+『名』(do『ing』)》
5. 集中した / 濃縮した
6. 〈U〉豊かにすること;質を向上させること / 〈U〉裕福,豊富;質の向上 / 〈C〉豊かにするもの;装飾

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/14 23:26:57」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation).

In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. The term concentration can be applied to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently it refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration.

Qualitative description

These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.

Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a qualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute (for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are fully miscible there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be saturated. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur. Instead, phase separation will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a suspension. The point of saturation depends on many variables such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.

Concentrations are often called levels, reflecting the mental schema of levels on the vertical axis of a graph, which can be high or low (for example, "high serum levels of bilirubin" are concentrations of bilirubin in the blood serum that are greater than normal).

Quantitative notation

There are four quantities that describe concentration:

Mass concentration

Main article: Mass concentration (chemistry)

The mass concentration $\rho _{i}$ is defined as the mass of a constituent $m_{i}$ divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$\rho _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{V}}.$

The SI unit is kg/m³ (equal to g/L).

Molar concentration

Main article: Molar concentration

The molar concentration $c_{i}$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_{i}$ (in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$c_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{V}}.$

The SI unit is mol/m³. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm³) is used.

Number concentration

Main article: Number concentration

The number concentration $C_{i}$ is defined as the number of entities of a constituent $N_{i}$ in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$C_{i}={\frac {N_{i}}{V}}.$

The SI unit is 1/m³.

Volume concentration

The volume concentration $\phi _{i}$ (do not confuse with volume fraction) is defined as the volume of a constituent $V_{i}$ divided by the volume of the mixture $V$:

$\phi _{i}={\frac {V_{i}}{V}}.$

Being dimensionless, it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18 or 18%; its unit is 1.

Related quantities

Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. Note that these should not be called concentrations.

Normality

Main article: Normality (chemistry)

Normality is defined as the molar concentration $c_{i}$ divided by an equivalence factor $f_{\mathrm {eq} }$. Since the definition of the equivalence factor depends on context (which reaction is being studied), IUPAC and NIST discourage the use of normality.

Molality

Main article: Molality

(Not to be confused with Molarity)

The molality of a solution $b_{i}$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_{i}$ (in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent $m_{\mathrm {solvent} }$ (not the mass of the solution):

$b_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}}.$

The SI unit for molality is mol/kg.

Mole fraction

Main article: Mole fraction

The mole fraction $x_{i}$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_{i}$ (in moles) divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture $n_{\mathrm {tot} }$:

$x_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.$

The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole fractions.

Mole ratio

Main article: Mixing ratio

The mole ratio $r_{i}$ is defined as the amount of a constituent $n_{i}$ divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:

$r_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i}}}.$

If $n_{i}$ is much smaller than $n_{\mathrm {tot} }$, the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.

The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.

Mass fraction

Main article: Mass fraction (chemistry)

The mass fraction $w_{i}$ is the fraction of one substance with mass $m_{i}$ to the mass of the total mixture $m_{\mathrm {tot} }$, defined as:

$w_{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.$

The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.

Mass ratio

Main article: Mixing ratio

The mass ratio $\zeta _{i}$ is defined as the mass of a constituent $m_{i}$ divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture:

$\zeta _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i}}}.$

If $m_{i}$ is much smaller than $m_{\mathrm {tot} }$, the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.

The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.

Dependence on volume

Concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion.

Table of concentrations and related quantities

Concentration type	Symbol	Definition	SI unit	other unit(s)
mass concentration	$$ ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} or $$ γ i {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}	$$ m i / V {\displaystyle m_{i}/V}	kg/m3	g/100mL (= g/dL)
molar concentration	$$ c i {\displaystyle c_{i}}	$$ n i / V {\displaystyle n_{i}/V}	mol/m3	M (= mol/L)
number concentration	$$ C i {\displaystyle C_{i}}	$$ N i / V {\displaystyle N_{i}/V}	1/m3	1/cm3
volume concentration	$$ ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}}	$$ V i / V {\displaystyle V_{i}/V}	m3/m3
Related quantities	Symbol	Definition	SI unit	other unit(s)
normality		$$ c i / f e q {\displaystyle c_{i}/f_{\mathrm {eq} }}	mol/m3	N (= mol/L)
molality	$$ b i {\displaystyle b_{i}}	$$ n i / m s o l v e n t {\displaystyle n_{i}/m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}	mol/kg
mole fraction	$$ x i {\displaystyle x_{i}}	$$ n i / n t o t {\displaystyle n_{i}/n_{\mathrm {tot} }}	mol/mol	ppm, ppb, ppt
mole ratio	$$ r i {\displaystyle r_{i}}	$$ n i / ( n t o t − n i ) {\displaystyle n_{i}/(n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i})}	mol/mol	ppm, ppb, ppt
mass fraction	$$ w i {\displaystyle w_{i}}	$$ m i / m t o t {\displaystyle m_{i}/m_{\mathrm {tot} }}	kg/kg	ppm, ppb, ppt
mass ratio	$$ ζ i {\displaystyle \zeta _{i}}	$$ m i / ( m t o t − m i ) {\displaystyle m_{i}/(m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i})}	kg/kg	ppm, ppb, ppt

See also

• Dilution ratio
• Dose concentration
• Serial dilution
• Wine/water mixing problem

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「集中」「condensation」「concentrate」「濃縮」「conc.」
拡張検索	「minimum bactericidal concentration」「urine Na concentration」「urine sodium concentration」

「集中」

　　[★]

英

concentration、concentrate、focus、centralize、attentive

関

焦点、注意、注目、濃縮、濃縮物、濃度、病巣、フォーカス、増殖巣、焦点を合わせる、注意深い、着目、中心に集める

「condensation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 圧縮。凝縮。凝血、凝血、冷縮、液化

関

conc.、concentrate、concentrated、concentration、condense、congeal、congelation、enrich、enrichment、flocculate、flocculation

　 　 　 　 　

「concentrate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 濃縮する、集中する、

• n.

• 濃縮物

関

attentive、centralize、conc.、concentrated、concentration、condensation、enrich、enrichment、focus

　 　 　 　 　 　

「濃縮」

　　[★]

英

enrichment、concentration、condensation、enrich、concentrate、concentrated、(aj,abrv)conc.

関

凝結、凝縮、集中、縮合、濃縮物、濃度

「conc.」

　　[★]

• n.

• 濃度

• adj.

• 濃縮された

関

concentrate、concentrated、concentration、condensation、enrich、enrichment

　

「minimum bactericidal concentration」

　　[★]

同

MBC

同

MBC

同

MBC

「urine Na concentration」

　　[★] 尿中ナトリウム濃度

「urine sodium concentration」

　　[★] 尿中ナトリウム濃度