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complicated in structure; consisting of interconnected parts; "a complex set of variations based on a simple folk melody"; "a complex mass of diverse laws and customs"
a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated (同)coordination_compound
a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts; "the complex of shopping malls, houses, and roads created a new town" (同)composite
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『いくつかの部分から成る』,複合の,合成の / 『複雑な』,入りくんだ,こみいった(complicated) / 複合体,合成物 / コンプレックス,複合(抑圧されて心に残った複雑なしこり)
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iodineの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/17 20:39:28」(JST)

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The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, EC 1.9.3.1 is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion of eukaryotes.

It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria (or bacteria) located in the mitochondrial (or bacterial) membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water, and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane, helping to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.

Structure

Subunit I and II of Complex IV excluding all other subunits, PDB: 2EIK

The complex is a large integral membrane protein composed of several metal prosthetic sites and 14 ^[1] protein subunits in mammals. In mammals, eleven subunits are nuclear in origin, and three are synthesized in the mitochondria. The complex contains two hemes, a cytochrome a and cytochrome a₃, and two copper centers, the Cu_A and Cu_B centers.^[2] In fact, the cytochrome a₃ and Cu_B form a binuclear center that is the site of oxygen reduction. Cytochrome c, which is reduced by the preceding component of the respiratory chain (cytochrome bc1 complex, complex III), docks near the Cu_A binuclear center and passes an electron to it, being oxidized back to cytochrome c containing Fe³⁺. The reduced Cu_A binuclear center now passes an electron on to cytochrome a, which in turn passes an electron on to the cytochrome a₃-Cu_B binuclear center. The two metal ions in this binuclear center are 4.5 Å apart and coordinate a hydroxide ion in the fully oxidized state.

Crystallographic studies of cytochrome c oxidase show an unusual post-translational modification, linking C6 of Tyr(244) and the ε-N of His(240) (bovine enzyme numbering). It plays a vital role in enabling the cytochrome a₃- Cu_B binuclear center to accept four electrons in reducing molecular oxygen to water. The mechanism of reduction was formerly thought to involve a peroxide intermediate, which was believed to lead to superoxide production. However, the currently accepted mechanism involves a rapid four-electron reduction involving immediate oxygen-oxygen bond cleavage, avoiding any intermediate likely to form superoxide.^[3]

Assembly

COX assembly in yeast is a complex process that is not entirely understood due to the rapid and irreversible aggregation of hydrophobic subunits that form the holoenzyme complex, as well as aggregation of mutant subunits with exposed hydrophobic patches.^[4] COX subunits are encoded in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The three subunits that form the COX catalytic core are encoded in the mitochondrial genome.

Hemes and cofactors are inserted into subunits I & II. Subunits I and IV initiate assembly. Different subunits may associate to form sub-complex intermediates that later bind to other subunits to form the COX complex.^[4] In post-assembly modifications, COX will form a homodimer. This is required for activity. Both dimers are connected by a cardiolipin molecule,^[4]^[5]^[6] which has been found to play a key role in stabilization of the holoenzyme complex. The dissociation of subunits VIIa and III in conjunction with the removal of cardiolipin results in total loss of enzyme activity.^[6] Subunits encoded in the nuclear genome are known to play a role in enzyme dimerization and stability. Mutations to these subunits eliminate COX function.^[4]

Assembly is known to occur in at least three distinct rate-determining steps. The products of these steps have been found, though specific subunit compositions have not been determined.^[4]

Synthesis and assembly of COX subunits I, II, and III are facilitated by translational activators, which interact with the 5’ untranslated regions of mitochondrial mRNA transcripts. Translational activators are encoded in the nucleus. They can operate through either direct or indirect interaction with other components of translation machinery, but exact molecular mechanisms are unclear due to difficulties associated with synthesizing translation machinery in-vitro.^[7]^[8] Though the interactions between subunits I, II, and III encoded within the mitochondrial genome make a lesser contribution to enzyme stability than interactions between bigenomic subunits, these subunits are more conserved, indicating potential unexplored roles for enzyme activity.^[9]

Table of conserved subunits of cytochrome c oxidase complex^[10]^[11]

No.	Subunit name	Human protein	Protein description from UniProt	Pfam family with Human protein
1	Cox1	COX1_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1	Pfam PF00115
2	Cox2	COX2_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2	Pfam PF02790, Pfam PF00116
3	Cox3	COX3_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3	Pfam PF00510
4	Cox4i1	COX41_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02936
5	Cox4a2	COX42_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02936
6	Cox5a	COX5A_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02284
7	Cox5b	COX5B_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial	Pfam PF01215
8	Cox6a1	CX6A1_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02046
9	Cox6a2	CX6A2_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02046
10	Cox6b1	CX6B1_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1	Pfam PF02297
11	Cox6b2	CX6B2_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2	Pfam PF02297
12	Cox6c	COX6C_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C	Pfam PF02937
13	Cox7a1	CX7A1_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02238
14	Cox7a2	CX7A2_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02238
15	Cox7a3	COX7S_HUMAN	Putative cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A3, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02238
16	Cox7b	COX7B_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial	Pfam PF05392
17	Cox7c	COX7C_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02935
18	Cox7r	COX7R_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02238
19	Cox8a	COX8A_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial P	Pfam PF02285
20	Cox8c	COX8C_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial	Pfam PF02285
Assembly subunits^[12]^[13]^[14]
1	Coa1	COA1_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog	Pfam PF08695
2	Coa3	COA3_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3 homolog, mitochondrial	Pfam PF09813
3	Coa4	COA4_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 4 homolog, mitochondrial	Pfam PF06747
4	Coa5	COA5_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 5	Pfam PF10203
5	Coa6	COA6_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 homolog	Pfam PF02297
6	Coa7	COA7_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7,	Pfam PF08238
7	Cox11	COX11_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX11 mitochondrial	Pfam PF04442
8	Cox14	COX14_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein	Pfam PF14880
9	Cox15	COX15_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog	Pfam PF02628
10	Cox16	COX16_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX16 homolog mitochondrial	Pfam PF14138
11	Cox17	COX17_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone	Pfam PF05051
12	Cox18^[15]	COX18_HUMAN	Mitochondrial inner membrane protein (Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein 18)	Pfam PF02096
13	Cox19	COX19_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein	Pfam PF06747
14	Cox20	COX20_HUMAN	Cytochrome c oxidase protein 20 homolog	Pfam PF12597

Biochemistry

Summary reaction:

4 Fe²⁺-cytochrome c + 8 H⁺_in + O₂ → 4 Fe³⁺-cytochrome c + 2 H₂O + 4 H⁺_out

Two electrons are passed from two cytochrome c's, through the Cu_A and cytochrome a sites to the cytochrome a₃- Cu_B binuclear center, reducing the metals to the Fe²⁺ form and Cu⁺. The hydroxide ligand is protonated and lost as water, creating a void between the metals that is filled by O₂. The oxygen is rapidly reduced, with two electrons coming from the Fe²⁺cytochrome a₃, which is converted to the ferryl oxo form (Fe⁴⁺=O). The oxygen atom close to Cu_B picks up one electron from Cu⁺, and a second electron and a proton from the hydroxyl of Tyr(244), which becomes a tyrosyl radical: The second oxygen is converted to a hydroxide ion by picking up two electrons and a proton. A third electron arising from another cytochrome c is passed through the first two electron carriers to the cytochrome a₃- Cu_B binuclear center, and this electron and two protons convert the tyrosyl radical back to Tyr, and the hydroxide bound to Cu_B²⁺ to a water molecule. The fourth electron from another cytochrome c flows through Cu_A and cytochrome a to the cytochrome a₃- Cu_B binuclear center, reducing the Fe⁴⁺=O to Fe³⁺, with the oxygen atom picking up a proton simultaneously, regenerating this oxygen as a hydroxide ion coordinated in the middle of the cytochrome a₃- Cu_B center as it was at the start of this cycle. The net process is that four reduced cytochrome c's are used, along with 4 protons, to reduce O₂ to two water molecules.

Inhibition

COX exists in three conformational states: fully oxidized (pulsed), partially reduced, and fully reduced. Each inhibitor has a high affinity to a different state. In the pulsed state, both the heme a3 and the CuB nuclear centers are oxidized; this is the conformation of the enzyme that has the highest activity. A two-electron reduction initiates a conformational change that allows oxygen to bind at the active site to the partially-reduced enzyme. Four electrons bind to COX to fully reduce the enzyme. Its fully reduced state, which consists of a reduced Fe2+ at the cytochrome a3 heme group and a reduced CuB+ binuclear center, is considered the inactive or resting state of the enzyme.^[16]

Cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide^[17] all bind to cytochrome c oxidase, thus competitively inhibiting the protein from functioning by preventing the binding of oxygen at the active site, which results in the chemical asphyxiation of cells. Higher concentrations of molecular oxygen are needed to compensate for increasing inhibitor concentrations, leading to an overall reduction in metabolic activity in the cell in the presence of an inhibitor. Other ligands, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, can also inhibit COX by binding to regulatory sites on the enzyme, reducing the rate of cellular respiration.^[18]

Cyanide is a competitive inhibitor for COX, binding with high affinity to the partially-reduced state of the enzyme and hindering further reduction of the enzyme. In the pulsed state, cyanide binds slowly, but with high affinity. The ligand is posited to electrostatically stabilize both metals at once by positioning itself between them. A high nitric oxide concentration, such as one added exogenously to the enzyme, reverses cyanide inhibition of COX.^[19]

Nitric oxide can reversibly^[20] bind to either metal ion in the binuclear center to be oxidized to nitrite. NO and CN will compete with oxygen to bind at the site, reducing the rate of cellular respiration. Endogenous NO, however, which is produced at lower levels, augments CN inhibition. Higher levels of NO, which correlate with the existence of more enzyme in the reduced state, lead to a greater inhibition of cyanide.^[16] At these basal concentrations, NO inhibition of Complex IV is known to have beneficial effects, such as increasing oxygen levels in blood vessel tissues. The inability of the enzyme to reduce oxygen to water results in a buildup of oxygen, which can diffuse deeper into surrounding tissues.^[20] NO inhibition of Complex IV has a larger effect at lower oxygen concentrations, increasing its utility as a vasodilator in tissues of need.^[20]

Hydrogen sulfide will bind COX in a noncompetitive fashion at a regulatory site on the enzyme, similar to carbon monoxide. Sulfide has the highest affinity to either the pulsed or partially reduced states of the enzyme, and is capable of partially reducing the enzyme at the heme a3 center. It is unclear whether endogenous H2S levels are sufficient to inhibit the enzyme. There is no interaction between hydrogen sulfide and the fully reduced conformation of COX.^[18]

Methanol in methylated spirits is converted into formic acid, which also inhibits the same oxidase system. High levels of ATP can allosterically inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, binding from within the mitochondrial matrix.^[21]

Subcellular Localization and Presence at Extramitochondrial Sites

Cytochrome c oxidase has 3 subunits which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. Of these 3 subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA, two have been identified in extramitochondrial locations. In pancreatic acinar tissue, these subunits were found in zymogen granules. Additionally, in the anterior pituitary, relatively high amounts of these subunits were found in growth hormone secretory granules.^[22] The extramitochondrial function of these cytochrome c oxidase subunits has not yet been characterized. Besides cytochrome c oxidase subunits, extramitochondrial localization has also been observed for large numbers of other mitochondrial proteins.,^[23]^[24] This raises the possibility about existence of yet unidentified specific mechanisms for protein translocation from mitochondria to other cellular destinations.^[22]^[24]^[25]

Genetic defects and disorders

Defects involving genetic mutations altering cytochrome c oxidase (COX) functionality or structure can result in severe, often fatal metabolic disorders. Such disorders usually manifest in early childhood and affect predominantly tissues with high energy demands (brain, heart, muscle). Among the many classified mitochondrial diseases, those involving dysfunctional COX assembly are thought to be the most severe.^[26]

The vast majority of COX disorders are linked to mutations in nuclear-encoded proteins referred to as assembly factors, or assembly proteins. These assembly factors contribute to COX structure and functionality, and are involved in several essential processes, including transcription and translation of mitochondrion-encoded subunits, processing of preproteins and membrane insertion, and cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation.^[27]

Currently, mutations have been identified in seven COX assembly factors: SURF1, SCO1, SCO2, COX10, COX15, COX20, COA5 and LRPPRC. Mutations in these proteins can result in altered functionality of sub-complex assembly, copper transport, or translational regulation. Each gene mutation is associated with the etiology of a specific disease, with some having implications in multiple disorders. Disorders involving dysfunctional COX assembly via gene mutations include Leigh syndrome, cardiomyopathy, leukodystrophy, anemia, and sensorineural deafness.

Histochemistry

The increased reliance of neurons on oxidative phosphorylation for energy.^[28] facilitates the use of COX histochemistry in mapping regional brain metabolism in animals, since it establishes a direct and positive correlation between enzyme activity and neuronal activity.^[29] This can be seen in the correlation between COX enzyme amount and activity, which indicates the regulation of COX at the level of gene expression. COX distribution is inconsistent across different regions of the animal brain, but its pattern of its distribution is consistent across animals. This pattern has been observed in the monkey, mouse, and calf brain. One isozyme of COX has been consistently detected in histochemical analysis of the brain.^[30]

Such brain mapping has been accomplished in spontaneous mutant mice with cerebellar disease such as reeler^[31] and a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.^[32] This technique has also been used to map learning activity in animal brain.^[33]

Additional images

ETC
Complex IV

References

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^ Voet, Donald (2010). Biochemistry. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 865–866. ISBN 0-470-57095-4.
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^ Khalimonchuk O, Rödel G (December 2005). "Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase". Mitochondrion. 5 (6): 363–88. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2005.08.002. PMID 16199211.
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^ Herrmann JM, Woellhaf MW, Bonnefoy N (February 2013). "Control of protein synthesis in yeast mitochondria: the concept of translational activators". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1833 (2): 286–294. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.007. PMID 22450032.
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^ Aledo JC, Valverde H, Ruiz-Camacho M, Morilla L, López FD (2014). "Protein-Protein Interfaces from Cytochrome c Oxidase I Evolve Faster than Nonbonding Surfaces, yet Negative Selection Is the Driving Force". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (11): 3064–76. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu240. PMC 4255772.
^ Zhang Z; Huang L; Shulmeister VM; Chi YI; Kim KK; Hung LW; et al. (1998). "Electron transfer by domain movement in cytochrome bc1.". Nature. 392 (6677): 677–84. doi:10.1038/33612. PMID 9565029.
^ Kaila VR; Oksanen E; Goldman A; Bloch DA; Verkhovsky MI; Sundholm D; et al. (2011). "A combined quantum chemical and crystallographic study on the oxidized binuclear center of cytochrome c oxidase.". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1807 (7): 769–78. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.016. PMID 21211513.
^ Szklarczyk R, Wanschers BF, Cuypers TD, Esseling JJ, Riemersma M, van den Brand MA, et al. (2012). "Iterative orthology prediction uncovers new mitochondrial proteins and identifies C12orf62 as the human ortholog of COX14, a protein involved in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase.". Genome Biol. 13 (2): R12. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-2-r12. PMC 3334569. PMID 22356826.
^ Mick DU; Dennerlein S; Wiese H; Reinhold R; Pacheu-Grau D; Lorenzi I; et al. (2012). "MITRAC links mitochondrial protein translocation to respiratory-chain assembly and translational regulation.". Cell. 151 (7): 1528–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.053. PMID 23260140.
^ Kozjak-Pavlovic V; Prell F; Thiede B; Götz M; Wosiek D; Ott C; et al. (2014). "C1orf163/RESA1 is a novel mitochondrial intermembrane space protein connected to respiratory chain assembly.". J Mol Biol. 426 (4): 908–20. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.001. PMID 24333015.
^ Gaisne M, Bonnefoy N (2006). "The COX18 gene, involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, is functionally conserved and tightly regulated in humans and fission yeast.". FEMS Yeast Res. 6 (6): 869–82. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00083.x. PMID 16911509.
^ ^a ^b Leavesley H, Li L, Prabhakaran K, Malmström BG (January 2008). "Interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide with cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for acute cyanide toxicity". Toxicological Sciences. 101 (1): 101–11. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm254. PMID 17906319.
^ Alonso JR, Cardellach F, López S, Casademont J, Miró O (September 2003). "Carbon monoxide specifically inhibits cytochrome c oxidase of human mitochondrial respiratory chain". Pharmacol. Toxicol. 93 (3): 142–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930306.x. PMID 12969439.
^ ^a ^b Nicholls P, Marshall D, Cooper C, Wilson M (October 2013). "Sulfide inhibition of and metabolism by cytochrome c oxidase". Biochm. Soc. Trans. 41 (5): 1312–16. doi:10.1042/BST20130070. PMID 24059525.
^ Jensen P, Wilson MT, Aasa R, Malmström BG (December 1984). "Cyanide inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. A rapid-freeze e.p.r. investigation". Biochem J. 224 (3): 829–837. doi:10.1042/bj2240829. PMC 1144519.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gladwin MT, Shiva S (May 22, 2009). "The ligand binding battle at cytochrome c oxidase: how NO regulates oxygen gradients in tissue". Circ Res. 104 (10): 1136–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.198911. PMID 19461104.
^ Arnold S, Kadenbach B (October 1997). "Cell respiration s controlled by ATP, an allosteric inhibitor of cytochrome-c oxidase.". Eur J Biochem: 350–254.
^ ^a ^b Sadacharan, S. K., Singh, B., Bowes, T. and Gupta, R. S. (2005). Localization of mitochondrial DNA encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in rat pancreatic zymogen granules and pituitary growth hormone granules. Histochem Cell Biol. 124:409-421.
^ Gupta, R. S., Ramachandra, N. B., Bowes, T. and Singh, B. (2008) Unusual cellular disposition of the mitochondrial molecular chaperones Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp10. Novartis Found Symp. 291: 59-68.
^ ^a ^b Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1999). "Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected cellular locations: export of proteins from mitochondria from an evolutionary perspective". International Review of Cytology. 94: 133–196.
^ Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1999). "Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected locations: Are they exported?". Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 174–177. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01390-0.
^ Pecina P, Houstková H, Hansíková H, Zeman J, Houstek J (2004). "Genetic defects of cytochrome c oxidase assembly" (PDF). Physiol Res. 53 Suppl 1: S213–23. PMID 15119951.
^ Zee JM, Glerum DM (December 2006). "Defects in cytochrome oxidase assembly in humans: lessons from yeast". Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (6): 859–69. doi:10.1139/o06-201. PMID 17215873.
^ Johar K, Priya A, Dhar S, Liu Q, Wong-Riley MT (November 2013). "Neuron-specific specificity protein 4 bigenomically regulates the transcription of all mitochondria and nucleus-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit genes in neurons". J Neurochem. 127 (4): 496–508. doi:10.1111/jnc.12433. PMC 3820366. PMID 24032355.
^ Wong-Riley MT. (1989). "Cytochrome oxidase: an endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity.". Trends Neurosci. 12 (3): 94–111. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90165-3. PMID 2469224.
^ Hevner RF, Wong-Riley MT (November 1989). "Brain cytochrome c oxidase: purification, antibody production, and immunohistochemical/histochemical correlations in the CNS". J Neurosci. 9 (11): 3884–98. PMID 2555458.
^ Strazielle C, Hayzoun K, Derer M, Mariani J, Lalonde R (April 2006). "Regional brain variations of cytochrome oxidase activity in Relnrl-orl mutant mice.". J. Neurosci. Res. 83 (5): 821–31. doi:10.1002/jnr.20772. PMID 16511878.
^ Strazielle C, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M, Lalonde R (2003). "Regional brain cytochrome oxidase activity in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation.". Neuroscience. 118 (4): 1151–63. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00037-X. PMID 12732258.
^ Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Gonzalez-Lima F, Arias JL (2010). "Spatial learning of the water maze: progression of brain circuits mapped with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry.". Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 93 (3): 362–71. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.12.002. PMID 19969098.

External links

The Cytochrome Oxidase home page at Rice University
Interactive Molecular model of cytochrome c oxidase (Requires MDL Chime)
UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families/superfamily-4
Cytochrome-c Oxidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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「シトクロムc酸化酵素」

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Cytochrome c oxidase
	The crystal structure of bovine cytochrome c oxidase in a phospholipid bilayer. The intermembrane space lies to top of the image. Adapted from PDB: 1OCC (It is a homo dimer in this structure)
Identifiers
EC number	1.9.3.1
CAS number	9001-16-5
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / EGO
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　　[★]

英: cytochrome c oxidase, electron transport complex IV
同: シトクロムcオキシダーゼ、シトクロム酸化酵素 cytochrome oxidase、シトクロムオキシダーゼ、チトクロムc酸化酵素、電子伝達複合体IV、複合体IV complex IV、シトクロムaa3 cytochrome aa3、インドフェノラーゼ indophenolase、インドフェノール酸化酵素 indophenol oxidase

臨床関連

Leigh's disease

intelectual deterioration, weakness, ataxia, seizures, and death at a young age

「複合体IV」

　　[★]

英: complex IV
関: シトクロムc酸化酵素

「electron transport complex IV」

　　[★]

電子伝達複合体IV、複合体IV

関: cytochrome c oxidase、cytochrome oxidase

「complex」

　　[★]

n.

複合体、錯体、複合物、合成物、(心理)コンプレックス

adj.

複雑な、複合の

関: complexes、complicated、composite、conjugate、intricate

「I」

　　[★]

「complexed」

　　[★]

adj.

複合型の、混合型の

関: hybrid、mixed lineage、mixed type、mixed-type

「IV」

　　[★]

adj.

静脈内の

関: i.v.、intravascular、intravenous、intravenously

「complexes」

　　[★]

n.

複合体

関: complex、composite

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[pmid4255772-9] Aledo JC, Valverde H, Ruiz-Camacho M, Morilla L, López FD (2014). "Protein-Protein Interfaces from Cytochrome c Oxidase I Evolve Faster than Nonbonding Surfaces, yet Negative Selection Is the Driving Force". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (11): 3064–76. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu240. PMC 4255772.

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[pmid23260140-13] Mick DU; Dennerlein S; Wiese H; Reinhold R; Pacheu-Grau D; Lorenzi I; et al. (2012). "MITRAC links mitochondrial protein translocation to respiratory-chain assembly and translational regulation.". Cell. 151 (7): 1528–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.053. PMID 23260140.

[pmid24333015-14] Kozjak-Pavlovic V; Prell F; Thiede B; Götz M; Wosiek D; Ott C; et al. (2014). "C1orf163/RESA1 is a novel mitochondrial intermembrane space protein connected to respiratory chain assembly.". J Mol Biol. 426 (4): 908–20. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.001. PMID 24333015.

[pmid16911509-15] Gaisne M, Bonnefoy N (2006). "The COX18 gene, involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, is functionally conserved and tightly regulated in humans and fission yeast.". FEMS Yeast Res. 6 (6): 869–82. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00083.x. PMID 16911509.

[pmid17906319-16] Leavesley H, Li L, Prabhakaran K, Malmström BG (January 2008). "Interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide with cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for acute cyanide toxicity". Toxicological Sciences. 101 (1): 101–11. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm254. PMID 17906319.

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[pmid24059525-18] Nicholls P, Marshall D, Cooper C, Wilson M (October 2013). "Sulfide inhibition of and metabolism by cytochrome c oxidase". Biochm. Soc. Trans. 41 (5): 1312–16. doi:10.1042/BST20130070. PMID 24059525.

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[pmid19461104-20] Gladwin MT, Shiva S (May 22, 2009). "The ligand binding battle at cytochrome c oxidase: how NO regulates oxygen gradients in tissue". Circ Res. 104 (10): 1136–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.198911. PMID 19461104.

[pmid9363790-21] Arnold S, Kadenbach B (October 1997). "Cell respiration s controlled by ATP, an allosteric inhibitor of cytochrome-c oxidase.". Eur J Biochem: 350–254.

[Sadacharan-22] Sadacharan, S. K., Singh, B., Bowes, T. and Gupta, R. S. (2005). Localization of mitochondrial DNA encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II in rat pancreatic zymogen granules and pituitary growth hormone granules. Histochem Cell Biol. 124:409-421.

[23] Gupta, R. S., Ramachandra, N. B., Bowes, T. and Singh, B. (2008) Unusual cellular disposition of the mitochondrial molecular chaperones Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp10. Novartis Found Symp. 291: 59-68.

[Soltysb-24] Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1999). "Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected cellular locations: export of proteins from mitochondria from an evolutionary perspective". International Review of Cytology. 94: 133–196.

[25] Soltys BJ, Gupta RS (1999). "Mitochondrial proteins at unexpected locations: Are they exported?". Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 174–177. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01390-0.

[pmid15119951-26] Pecina P, Houstková H, Hansíková H, Zeman J, Houstek J (2004). "Genetic defects of cytochrome c oxidase assembly" (PDF). Physiol Res. 53 Suppl 1: S213–23. PMID 15119951.

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[pmid16511878-31] Strazielle C, Hayzoun K, Derer M, Mariani J, Lalonde R (April 2006). "Regional brain variations of cytochrome oxidase activity in Relnrl-orl mutant mice.". J. Neurosci. Res. 83 (5): 821–31. doi:10.1002/jnr.20772. PMID 16511878.

[pmid:12732258-32] Strazielle C, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M, Lalonde R (2003). "Regional brain cytochrome oxidase activity in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice with the Swedish mutation.". Neuroscience. 118 (4): 1151–63. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00037-X. PMID 12732258.

[pmid:19969098-33] Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Gonzalez-Lima F, Arias JL (2010). "Spatial learning of the water maze: progression of brain circuits mapped with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry.". Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 93 (3): 362–71. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.12.002. PMID 19969098.

v t e Ion pump: proton pumps: Oxidoreduction-driven transporters (TC 3D)

ETC	ETC Complex I ETC Complex III ETC Complex IV

Other	Cytochrome b6f complex Inorganic pyrophosphatase V-ATPase

リンク元	「シトクロムc酸化酵素」「複合体IV」
拡張検索	「electron transport complex IV」
関連記事	「complex」「I」「complexed」「IV」「complexes」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

complex IV

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Structure

Assembly

Table of conserved subunits of cytochrome c oxidase complex^[10]^[11]

Biochemistry

Inhibition

Subcellular Localization and Presence at Extramitochondrial Sites

Genetic defects and disorders

Histochemistry

Additional images

See also

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

★リンクテーブル★

「シトクロムc酸化酵素」

臨床関連

「複合体IV」

「electron transport complex IV」

「complex」

「I」

「complexed」

「IV」

「complexes」

匿名

検索

案内

complex IV

WordNet

PrepTutorEJDIC

Wikipedia preview

wiki en

Contents

Structure

Assembly

Table of conserved subunits of cytochrome c oxidase complex[10][11]

Biochemistry

Inhibition

Subcellular Localization and Presence at Extramitochondrial Sites

Genetic defects and disorders

Histochemistry

Additional images

See also

References

External links

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

★リンクテーブル★

「シトクロムc酸化酵素」

臨床関連

「複合体IV」

「electron transport complex IV」

「complex」

「I」

「complexed」

「IV」

「complexes」

Table of conserved subunits of cytochrome c oxidase complex^[10]^[11]