WordNet

set into opposition or rivalry; "let them match their best athletes against ours"; "pit a chess player against the Russian champion"; "He plays his two children off against each other" (同)oppose, match, play off
a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression) (同)fossa
remove the pits from; "pit plums and cherries" (同)stone
a trap in the form of a concealed hole (同)pitfall
a surface excavation for extracting stone or slate; "a British term for `quarry is `stone pit" (同)quarry, stone pit
(auto racing) an area at the side of a racetrack where the race cars are serviced and refueled
(commodity exchange) the part of the floor of a commodity exchange where trading in a particular commodity is carried on
an enclosure in which animals are made to fight
a sizeable hole (usually in the ground); "they dug a pit to bury the body" (同)cavity
put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface; "coat the cake with chocolate" (同)surface
cover or provide with a coat
growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal (同)pelage
an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors
form a coat over; "Dirt had coated her face" (同)cake
the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846...
the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet
having or dressed in a coat
having a coating; covered with an outer layer or film; often used in combination; "coated paper has a smooth polished coating especially suitable for halftone printing"; "sugar-coated pills"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(自然の,または掘った)『地面の穴』,『くぼみ』 / 《しばしば単数形で》《the pit》立て坑,採掘場 / 落とし穴 / 《単数形で》《the pit》《英》(劇場の)平土間(1階正面後部の安い料金の席全体を指す);平土間の観客;《米》(舞台手前の1段低くなった)オーケストラ席 / (身体や物の表面の自然にできた)くぼみ / 《しばしば複数形で》(傷・天然痘などでできた皮膚の)小さなくぼんだ跡,あばた / (動物を入れておく)囲い;闘鶏場(cockpit),闘犬場 / 《the ~》地獄(hell) / ピット / 自動車修理店などで,車体の下で作業するために床に設けたくぼみ / 《the pits》自動車レースで給油・タイヤ交換などの場所 / …‘に'点々と穴をあける;…‘を'あばたにする / (…と)…‘を'取り組ませる,対坑させる《+『名』+『against』+『名』》
(サクランボ・モモなどの)核,種(stone) / 〈果物〉‘から'種を取り除く
『コート』,オーバー,外とう / (男子背広・婦人スーツの)『上着』;(婦人・子供の)長上着 / (動物の)毛,毛皮;(植物の)外被,皮 / 表面をおおうもの;(ペンキ・ニスなどの)塗り;(金属などの)めっき / 〈人〉‘に'上旦を旦せる / 〈ほこりなどが〉〈症など〉'を'『おおう』;(ペンキなどで)〈壁など〉'を'塗る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
〈C〉パイ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第16字Π,π;英語のP,pに相当) / 〈U〉円周率(記号はπ)
ごちゃまぜの活字 / ごちゃまぜ,混乱

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/16 13:09:06」(JST)

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In biology, caveolae (Latin for "little caves"; singular, caveola), which are a special type of lipid raft, are small (50–100 nanometer) invaginations of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell types, especially in endothelial cells and adipocytes.

These flask-shaped structures are rich in proteins as well as lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids and have several functions in signal transduction.^[1] They are also believed to play a role in endocytosis, oncogenesis, and the uptake of pathogenic bacteria and certain viruses.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Caveolins

Formation and maintenance of caveolae is primarily due to the protein caveolin,^[5] a 21 kD protein. There are three homologous genes of caveolin expressed in mammalian cells: Cav1, Cav2 and Cav3. These proteins have a common topology: cytoplasmic N-terminus with scaffolding domain, long hairpin transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic C-terminus. Caveolins are synthesized as monomers and transported to the Golgi apparatus. During their subsequent transport through the secretory pathway, caveolins associate with lipid rafts and form oligomers (14-16 molecules). These oligomerized caveolins form the caveolae. The presence of caveolin leads to a local change in morphology of the membrane. ^[6]

Caveolar endocytosis

Caveolae are one source of clathrin-independent raft-dependent endocytosis. The ability of caveolins to oligomerize due to their oligomerization domains is necessary for formation of caveolar endocytic vesicles. The oligomerization leads to formation of caveolin-rich microdomains in the plasma membrane. Increased levels of cholesterol and insertion of scaffolding domain of caveolins to the plasma membrane then lead to expansion of the caveolar invagination and to formation of endocytic vesicle. Fission of the vesicle from the plasma membrane is then mediated by GTPase dynamin II which is localized at the neck of the budding vesicle. The released caveolar vesicle can fuse with early endosome or caveosome. The caveosome is an endosomal compartment with neutral pH which does not have early endosomal markers, however, contains molecules internalized by the caveolar endocytosis. ^[6] ^[7]

This type of endocytosis is used for example for transcytosis of albumin in endothelial cells or for internalization of the insulin receptor in primary adipocytes. ^[6]

Other roles of caveolae

Caveolae can be used for entry to the cell by some pathogens and so they avoid degradation in lysosomes. However, some bacteria do not use typical caveolae but only caveolin-rich areas of the plasma membrane. The pathogens exploiting this endocytic pathway include viruses such as SV40 and polyoma virus and bacteria such as some strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Porphyromonas gingivalis. ^[7]
Caveolae have a role in the cell signaling, too. Caveolins associate with some signaling molecules (e.g. eNOS) through their scaffolding domain and so they can regulate their signaling. Caveolae are also involved in regulation of channels and in calcium signaling. ^[7]
Caveolae also participate in lipid regulation. High levels of caveolin Cav1 are expressed in adipocytes. Caveolin associates with cholesterol, fatty acids and lipid droplets and is involved in its regulation. ^[7]
Caveolae can also serve as mechanosensors in various cell types. In endothelial cells, caveolae are involved in flow sensation. Chronic exposure to the flow stimulus leads to increased levels of caveolin Cav1 in plasma membrane, its phosphorylation, activation of eNOS signaling enzyme and to remodeling of blood vessels. In smooth-muscle cells, caveolin Cav1 has a role in stretch sensing which triggers cell-cycle progression. ^[7]

Inhibitors

Some known inhibitors of the caveolae pathway are Filipin III, Genistein and Nystatin. ^[6]

References

^ Anderson RG (1998). "The caveolae membrane system". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 199–225. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.199. PMID 9759488.
^ Frank P, Lisanti M (2004). "Caveolin-1 and caveolae in atherosclerosis: differential roles in fatty streak formation and neointimal hyperplasia". Current Opinion in Lipidology 15 (5): 523–9. doi:10.1097/00041433-200410000-00005. PMID 15361787.
^ Li X, Everson W, Smart E (2005). "Caveolae, lipid rafts, and vascular disease". Trends Cardiovasc Med 15 (3): 92–6. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2005.04.001. PMID 16039968.
^ Pelkmans L (2005). "Secrets of caveolae- and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis revealed by mammalian viruses". Biochim Biophys Acta 1746 (3): 295–304. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.06.009. PMID 16126288.
^ Caveolae at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lajoie, P. and I.R. Nabi, Lipid rafts, caveolae, and their endocytosis. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol, 2010. 282: p. 135-63.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Parton, R.G. and K. Simons, The multiple faces of caveolae. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2007. 8(3): p. 185-94.

External links

Histology image: 21402loa — Histology Learning System at Boston University

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