コートタンパク質、コートタンパク、被覆タンパク質

関: capsid protein、COP、viral coat protein

WordNet

put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface; "coat the cake with chocolate" (同)surface
cover or provide with a coat
growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal (同)pelage
an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors
form a coat over; "Dirt had coated her face" (同)cake
a thin layer covering something; "a second coat of paint" (同)coat
a decorative texture or appearance of a surface (or the substance that gives it that appearance); "the boat had a metallic finish"; "he applied a coat of a clear finish"; "when the finish is too thin it is difficult to apply evenly" (同)finish, finishing
a heavy fabric suitable for coats
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
having or dressed in a coat
having a coating; covered with an outer layer or film; often used in combination; "coated paper has a smooth polished coating especially suitable for halftone printing"; "sugar-coated pills"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『コート』,オーバー,外とう / (男子背広・婦人スーツの)『上着』;(婦人・子供の)長上着 / (動物の)毛,毛皮;(植物の)外被,皮 / 表面をおおうもの;(ペンキ・ニスなどの)塗り;(金属などの)めっき / 〈人〉‘に'上旦を旦せる / 〈ほこりなどが〉〈症など〉'を'『おおう』;(ペンキなどで)〈壁など〉'を'塗る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
〈C〉(ペンキなどの)上塗り,塗装;(食物の)ころも,皮 / 〈U〉上旦用の布地
蛋白(たんばく)質

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/13 23:48:48」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Schematic of a Cytomegalovirus

3D model of Helical capsid structure

For the leaf bug, see Miridae.

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.

Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of viruses have capsids with either helical or icosahedral ^[1]^[2] structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics.^[3] The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape is cylindrical.^[4] The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins named VP1–3.^[5]

Icosahedral capsid of an Adenovirus

Some viruses are enveloped, meaning that the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane known as the viral envelope. The envelope is acquired by the capsid from an intracellular membrane in the virus' host; some examples would include the inner nuclear membrane, the golgi membrane, and the cell's outer membrane.^[6]

Once the virus has infected the cell, it will start replicating itself, using the mechanisms of the infected host cell. During this process, new capsid subunits are synthesized according to the genetic material of the virus, using the protein biosynthesis mechanism of the cell. During the assembly process, a portal subunit is assembled at one vertex of the capsid. Through this portal, viral DNA or RNA is transported into the capsid.^[7]

Structural analyses of major capsid protein (MCP) architectures have been used to categorise viruses into families. For example, the bacteriophage PRD1, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella algal virus, and mammalian adenovirus have been placed in the same family.^[8]

Specific shapes [edit]

Icosahedral [edit]

Although the icosahedral structure is extremely common among viruses, size differences and slight variations exist between virions. Given an asymmetric subunit on a triangular face of a regular isosahedron, with three subunits per face 60 such subunits can be placed in an equivalent manner. Most virions, because of their size, have more than 60 subunits. These variations have been classified on the basis of the quasi-equivalence principle proposed by Donald Caspar and Aaron Klug.^[9]

An isosahedral structure can be regarded as being constructed from 12 pentamers. The number of pentamers is fixed but the number of hexamers can vary.^[10] These shells can be constructed from pentamers and hexamers by minimizing the number T (triangulation number) of nonequivalent locations that subunits occupy, with the T-number adopting the particular integer values 1, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13,...(T = h² + k² + hk, with h, k equal to nonnegative integers). These shells always contain 12 pentamers plus 10 (T-1) hexamers. Although this classification can be applied to the majority of known viruses exceptions are known including the retroviruses where point mutations disrupt the symmetry.^[10]

Prolate [edit]

This is an isosahedron elongated along the fivefold axis and is a common arrangement of the heads of bacteriophages. Such a structure is composed of a cylinder with a cap at either end. The cylinder is composed of 10 triangles. The Q number, which can be can be any positive integer, specifies the number of triangles, composed of asymmetric subunits, that make up the 10 triangles of the cylinder. The caps are classified by the T number.^[11]

Triangulation number [edit]

Virus capsid T-numbers

Icosahedral virus capsids are typically assigned a triangulation number (T-number) to describe the relation between the number of pentagons and hexagons i.e. their quasi-symmetry in the capsid shell. The T-number idea was originally developed to explain the quasi-symmetry by Caspar and Klug in 1962.^[12]

For example, a purely dodecahedral virus has a T-number of 1 (usually written, T=1) and a truncated icosahedron is assigned T=3. The T-number is calculated by (1) applying a grid to the surface of the virus with coordinates h and k, (2) counting the number of steps between successive pentagons on the virus surface, (3) applying the formula:

=

where and h and k are the distances between the successive pentagons on the virus surface for each axis (see figure on right). The larger the T-number the more hexagons are present relative to the pentagons.^[13]^[14]

Representation of Viral Capsid T-numbers up to (6,6)
capsid parameters		hexagon/pentagon system				triangle system
(h,k)	T	# hex	Conway notation	image	geometric name	# tri	Conway notation	image	geometric name
(1,0)	1	0	D		Dodecahedron	20	I		Icosahedron
(1,1)	3	20	tI dkD		Truncated icosahedron	60	kD		Pentakis dodecahedron
(2,0)	4	30	cD=t5daD		Truncated rhombic triacontahedron	80	k5aD		Pentakis icosidodecahedron
(2,1)	7	60	dk5sD		Truncated pentagonal hexecontahedron	140	k5sD		Pentakis snub dodecahedron
(3,0)	9	80	dktI		Hexapentatruncated pentakis dodecahedron	180	ktI		Hexapentakis truncated icosahedron
(2,2)	12	110	dkt5daD			240	kt5daD		Hexapentakis truncated rhombic triacontahedron
(3,1)	13	120				260
(4,0)	16	150	ccD			320	dccD
(3,2)	19	180				380
(4,1)	21	200	dk5k6stI tk5sD			420	k5k6stI kdk5sD		Hexapentakis snub truncated icosahedron
(5,0)	25	240				500
(3,3)	27	260	tktI			540	kdktI
(4,2)	28
(5,1)	31
(6,0)	36	350	tkt5daD			720	kdkt5daD
(4,3)	37
(5,2)	39
(6,1)	43
(4,4)	48	470	dadkt5daD			960	k5k6akdk5aD
(6,2)	48
(5,3)	49
(5,4)	61
(6,3)	64
(5,5)	75
(6,4)	76
(6,5)	91
(6,6)	108
...

T-numbers can be represented in different ways, for example T=1 can only be represented as an icosahedron or a dodecahedron and, depending on the type of quasi-symmetry, T=3 can be presented as a truncated dodecahedron, an icosidodecahedron, or a truncated icosahedron and their respective duals a triakis icosahedron, a rhombic triacontahedron, or a pentakis dodecahedron. ^[15]

References [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Capsid

^ Lidmar J, Mirny L, Nelson, DR (2003). "Virus shapes and buckling transitions in spherical shells". Phys. Rev. E 68 (5): 051910. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.051910.
^ Vernizzi G, Olvera de la Cruz M (2007). "Faceting ionic shells into icosahedra via electrostatics". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (47): 18382–18386. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703431104.
^ Vernizzi G, Sknepnek R, Olvera de la Cruz M (2011). "Platonic and Archimedean geometries in multicomponent elastic membranes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (11): 4292–4296. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012872108. PMC 3060260. PMID 21368184.
^ Branden, Carl and Tooze, John (1991). Introduction to Protein Structure. New York: Garland. pp. 161–162. ISBN 0-8153-0270-3.
^ "Virus Structure (web-books.com)".
^ Alberts, Bruce; Bray, Dennis; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Watson, James D. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4 ed.). p. 280.
^ Newcomb WW, Homa FL, Brown JC (August 2005). "Involvement of the Portal at an Early Step in Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid Assembly". Journal of Virology 79 (16): 10540–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10540-10546.2005. PMC 1182615. PMID 16051846.
^ Khayat et al. classified Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) and Laurinmäki et al. classified bacteriophage Bam35 – Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 3669 (2006); 102, 18944 (2005); Structure 13, 1819 (2005)
^ Caspar DLD, Klug A (1962) Q. Biol. 27, 1–24.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, J. E. and Speir, J.A. (2009). Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 115–123. ISBN 0-12-375146-2.
^ Casens, S. (2009). Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 167–174. ISBN 0-12-375146-2.
^ Caspar, D. L. D. and Klug, A. (1962). "Physical Principles in the Construction of Regular Viruses". Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27: 1–24. PMID 14019094.
^ Mannige RV, Brooks CL III (2010). "Periodic Table of Virus Capsids: Implications for Natural Selection and Design". PLoS ONE 5 (3): e9423. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009423. PMC 2831995. PMID 20209096.
^ "T-number index". VIPERdb. La Jolla, CA: The Scripps Research Institute. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn840. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
^ K. V. Damodaran, Vijay S. Reddy, John E. Johnson and Charles L. Brooks III (2002). "A General Method to Quantify Quasi-equivalence in Icosahedral Viruses". J. Mol. Biol. 324 (4): 723–737. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01138-5. PMID 12460573.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. プロテインS欠乏症：臨床症状および診断 protein s deficiency clinical manifestations and diagnosis
2. 幼児の食物蛋白誘発性直腸炎/大腸炎および腸疾患 food protein induced proctitis colitis and enteropathy of infancy
3. プロテインC欠乏症：臨床症状および診断 protein c deficiency clinical manifestations and diagnosis
4. 第V因子ライデンおよび活性化プロテインC抵抗性：臨床症状および診断 factor v leiden and activated protein c resistance clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 肥大型心筋症の遺伝学 genetics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

English Journal

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the sucrose transporter gene family from Theobroma cacao L.

Li F1, Wu B1, Qin X1, Yan L1, Hao C1, Tan L1, Lai J2.
Gene.Gene.2014 Aug 10;546(2):336-41. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.056. Epub 2014 May 27.
In this study, we performed cloning and expression analysis of six putative sucrose transporter genes, designated TcSUT1, TcSUT2, TcSUT3, TcSUT4, TcSUT5 and TcSUT6, from the cacao genotype 'TAS-R8'. The combination of cDNA and genomic DNA sequences revealed that the cacao SUT genes contained exon nu
PMID 24875417

Parathyroid hormone linked to a collagen binding domain promotes hair growth in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in a dose-dependent manner.

Katikaneni R1, Ponnapakkam T, Seymour A, Sakon J, Gensure R.
Anti-cancer drugs.Anticancer Drugs.2014 Aug;25(7):819-25. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000110.
Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is a major source of psychological stress in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy, and it can influence treatment decisions. Although there is currently no therapy for alopecia, a fusion protein of parathyroid hormone and collagen binding domain (PTH-CBD) has shown p
PMID 24710191

Directed Polyvalent Display of Sulfated Ligands on Virus Nanoparticles Elicits Heparin-Like Anticoagulant Activity.

Mead G1, Hiley M, Ng T, Fihn C, Hong K, Groner M, Miner W, Drugan D, Hollingsworth W, Udit AK.
Bioconjugate chemistry.Bioconjug Chem.2014 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is widely used as an anticoagulant. It is typically extracted from porcine or bovine sources to yield a heterogeneous mixture that varies both in molecular weight and in degree of sulfation. This heterogeneity, coupled with concern for contamination, has
PMID 24960223

Japanese Journal

ユリから検出されたレンブラントチューリップ斑入りウイルス(新称)

山本英樹,千田峰生
日本植物病理學會報 = Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 78(2), 111-113, 2012-05-25
NAID 10030312117

枯草菌胞子における未知の最外層の発見とその解析

今村大輔
薬学雑誌 132(8), 2012
… The spores are encased in a multilayered shell that includes a cortex and a spore coat, and remain viable for long periods in the harsh environment. … Although spore coat assembly involves the deposition of at least 70 distinct protein species, the positions of most of such proteins have not been experimentally determined. …
NAID 130001888710

Evaluation of selected transgenic papaya (Carica papaya L.) lines for inheritance of resistance to papaya ringspot virus and horticultural traits

Retuta Abigail May O.,Magdalita Pablito M.,Aspuria Evalour T.,Espino Rene Rafael C.
Plant Biotechnology 29(4), 2012
Three selected transgenic papaya lines 124-3, 132-2 and 142-3 across the T1 and T2 generations were preliminarily evaluated under Biological Containment Level 2 (BL2) greenhouse approved by the Nation …
NAID 130001883156

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コートタンパク質」「capsid protein」「被覆タンパク質」
拡張検索	「viral coat protein」「coat protein complex I」
関連記事	「coat」「coated」「coating」