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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/07 21:39:42」(JST)

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COPI is a protein complex^[1] that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they were originally synthesized and between golgi compartments. This type of transport is termed as retrograde transport, in contrast to the anterograde transport associated with the COPII protein. The name "COPI" refers to the specific coat protein complex that initiates the budding process on the cis-Golgi membrane. The coat consists of large protein subcomplexes that are made of seven different protein subunits.

Coat proteins

Coat protein, or COPI, is an ADP ribosylation factor (ARF)-dependent adaptor protein involved in membrane traffic.^[2] COPI was first identified in retrograde traffic from the cis-Golgi to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)^[3]^[4] and is the most extensively studied of ARF-dependent adaptors. COPI consists of seven subunits which compose the heptameric protein complex.

The primary function of adaptors is the selection of cargo proteins for their incorporation into nascent carriers. In the case of the adaptor COPI, cargo containing the sorting motif KKXX interact with COPI to form carriers which are transported from the cis-Golgi to the rough ER.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Current views suggest that ARFs are also involved in the selection of cargo for incorporation into carriers.

Budding process

ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) is a GTPase involved in membrane traffic. There are 6 mammalian ARFs which are regulated by over 30 GEFs and GAPs. ARF is post-translationally modified at the N-terminus by the addition of the fatty acid myristate.

ARF cycles between GTP and GDP-bound conformations. In the GTP-bound form, ARF conformation changes such that the myristate and hydrophobic N-terminal become more exposed and associate with the membrane. The interconversion between GTP and GDP bound states is mediated by ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and ARF GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). At the membrane, ARF-GTP is hydrolyzed to ARF-GDP by ARF GAPs. Once in the GDP-bound conformation, ARF converts to a less hydrophobic conformation and dissociates from the membrane. Soluble ARF-GDP is converted back to ARF-GTP by GEFs.

1. Luminal proteins: Proteins found in the lumen of the Golgi complex that need to be transported to the lumen of the ER contain the signal peptide KDEL. This sequence is recognized by a membrane-bound KDEL receptor. In yeast, this is Erd2p and in mammals it is KDELR. This receptor then binds to an ARF-GEF, a class of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This protein in turn binds to the ARF. This interaction causes ARF to exchange its bound GDP for GTP. Once this exchange is made ARF binds to the cytosolic side of the cis-Golgi membrane.

2. Membrane proteins: Transmembrane proteins which reside in the ER contain sorting signals in their cytosolic tails which direct the protein to exit the Golgi and return to the ER. These sorting signals, or motifs, typically contain the amino acid sequence KKXX, which interact with COPI. The order in which adaptor proteins associate with cargo, or adaptor proteins associate with ARFs is unclear, however, in order to form a mature transport carrier coat protein, adaptor, cargo, and ARF must all associate.

Membrane deformation and carrier budding occurs following the collection of interactions described above. The carrier then buds off of the donor membrane, in the case of COPI this membrane is the cis-Golgi, and the carrier moves to the ER where it fuses with the acceptor membrane and its content is expelled.

References

^ Coat Protein Complex I at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Serafini T, Orci L, Amherdt M, Brunner M, Kahn RA, Rothman JE (1991). "ADP-ribosylation factor is a subunit of the coat of Golgi-derived COP-coated vesicles: a novel role for a GTP-binding protein.". Cell 67 (2): 239–53. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90176-Y. PMID 1680566.
^ Schekman R., Orci L. (1996). "Coat proteins and vesicle budding". Science 271 (5255): 1526–1533. doi:10.1126/science.271.5255.1526. PMID 8599108.
^ Cosson P, Letourneur F (1997). "Coatomer (COPI)-coated vesicles: role in intracellular transport and protein sorting.". Curr Opin Cell Biol 9 (4): 484–7. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80023-3. PMID 9261053.
^ Letourneur F, Gaynor EC, Hennecke S, Démollière C, Duden R, Emr SD et al. (1994). "Coatomer is essential for retrieval of dilysine-tagged proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum.". Cell 79 (7): 1199–207. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90011-6. PMID 8001155.
^ Sohn K, Orci L, Ravazzola M, Amherdt M, Bremser M, Lottspeich F et al. (1996). "A major transmembrane protein of Golgi-derived COPI-coated vesicles involved in coatomer binding". J Cell Biol 135 (5): 1239–48. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.5.1239. PMC 2121093. PMID 8947548.
^ Sönnichsen B, Watson R, Clausen H, Misteli T, Warren G (1996). "Sorting by COP I-coated vesicles under interphase and mitotic conditions". J Cell Biol 134 (6): 1411–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.6.1411. PMC 2120996. PMID 8830771.
^ Orci L, Stamnes M, Ravazzola M, Amherdt M, Perrelet A, Söllner TH et al. (1997). "Bidirectional transport by distinct populations of COPI-coated vesicles". Cell 90 (2): 335–49. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80341-4. PMID 9244307.

English Journal

A Kinome-Wide Small Interfering RNA Screen Identifies Proviral and Antiviral Host Factors in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication, Including Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase and Early Secretory Pathway Proteins.

de Wilde AH1, Wannee KF1, Scholte FE1, Goeman JJ2, Ten Dijke P3, Snijder EJ1, Kikkert M4, van Hemert MJ4.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2015 Aug 15;89(16):8318-33. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01029-15. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
To identify host factors relevant for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication, we performed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen targeting the human kinome. Protein kinases are key regulators of many cellular functions, and the systematic knockdown of their exp
PMID 26041291

COPI-mediated retrieval of SCAP is crucial for regulating lipogenesis under basal and sterol-deficient conditions.

Takashima K1, Saitoh A1, Funabashi T1, Hirose S1, Yagi C1, Nozaki S1, Sato R2, Shin HW3, Nakayama K4.
Journal of cell science.J Cell Sci.2015 Aug 1;128(15):2805-15. doi: 10.1242/jcs.164137. Epub 2015 Jun 19.
Retrograde trafficking from the Golgi complex to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through COPI-coated vesicles has been implicated in lipid homeostasis. Here, we find that a block in COPI-dependent retrograde trafficking promotes processing and nuclear translocation of sterol regulatory element binding pr
PMID 26092941

VESICULAR TRANSPORT. A structure of the COPI coat and the role of coat proteins in membrane vesicle assembly.

Dodonova SO1, Diestelkoetter-Bachert P2, von Appen A1, Hagen WJ1, Beck R2, Beck M1, Wieland F2, Briggs JA3.
Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2015 Jul 10;349(6244):195-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1121.
Transport of material within cells is mediated by trafficking vesicles that bud from one cellular compartment and fuse with another. Formation of a trafficking vesicle is driven by membrane coats that localize cargo and polymerize into cages to bend the membrane. Although extensive structural inform
PMID 26160949

Japanese Journal

Traffic jam on the cellular secretory pathway generated by a replication protein from a plant RNA virus

Plant Signaling & Behavior 9(3), 2014-04-08
NAID 120005439155

GBF1-Arf-COPI-ArfGAP-mediated Golgi-to-ER Transport Involved in Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis

Cell Structure and Function 36(1･2), 223-235, 2011-12
NAID 40019164057

GBF1-Arf-COPI-ArfGAP-mediated Golgi-to-ER Transport Involved in Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis

Cell Structure and Function 36(2), 223-235, 2011
NAID 130004137571

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コートタンパク質I」「coat protein complex I」
拡張検索	「COPII-coated vesicle」「COPI-coated vesicle」「COPII被覆小胞」「COPI被覆小胞」
関連記事	「COP」「CO」

「コートタンパク質I」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

COPI C-terminal domain
Identifiers
Symbol	COPI_C
Pfam	PF06957
InterPro	IPR010714
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary