- 日
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WordNet
- major food fish of Arctic and cold-temperate waters (同)codfish
- lean white flesh of important North Atlantic food fish; usually baked or poached (同)codfish
- set used to broadcast radio or tv signals (同)sender
- lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head (同)cos_lettuce, romaine, romaine lettuce
PrepTutorEJDIC
- =codfish 1
- 〈人〉'を'ばかにする
- 送る(伝える)人(物) / (テレビ・ラジオの)送信機 / (電話の)送話器,(電報の)送信器
- cosine
- =because
- Colorado
- cobaltの化学記号
UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 不安障害および物質使用障害を併発した場合の治療 treatment of co occurring anxiety disorders and substance use disorders
- 2. 統合失調症と物質使用障害の併発に対する治療 treatment of co occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorder
- 3. 不安障害および物質使用障害の併発：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 co occurring anxiety disorders and substance use disorders epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
- 4. 一酸化炭素拡散能 diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
- 5. 一酸化炭素中毒 carbon monoxide poisoning
English Journal
- Norepinephrine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate synergize in inducing IL-6 production by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
- Stohl LL1, Zang JB, Ding W, Manni M, Zhou XK, Granstein RD.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10021, United States.AbstractEndothelial cells (ECs) play important roles in cutaneous inflammation, in part, by release of inflammatory chemokines/cytokines. Because dermal blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves, the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and the co-transmitter adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) may regulate expression of EC inflammatory factors. We focused on IL-6 regulation because it has many inflammatory and immune functions, including participation in Th17 cell differentiation. Strikingly, NE and ATP synergistically induced release of IL-6 by a human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Adrenergic antagonist and agonist studies indicated that the effect of NE on induced IL-6 release is primarily mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs). By real-time PCR IL-6 mRNA was also synergistically induced in HMEC-1 cells. This synergistic effect of NE and ATP was reproduced in primary human dermal endothelial cells (pHDMECs) and is also primarily mediated by β2-ARs. Under conditions of stress, activation of the symphathetic nervous system may lead to release of ATP and NE by sympathetic nerves surrounding dermal blood vessels with induction of IL-6 production by ECs. IL-6 may then participate in immune and inflammatory processes including generation of Th17 cells. Production of IL-6 in this manner might explain stress-induced exacerbation of psoriasis, and perhaps, other skin disorders involving Th17-type immunity.
- Cytokine.Cytokine.2013 Nov;64(2):605-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.08.005. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
- Endothelial cells (ECs) play important roles in cutaneous inflammation, in part, by release of inflammatory chemokines/cytokines. Because dermal blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves, the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and the co-transmitter adenosine-5'-triphosphate (
- PMID 24026137
- Redox-sensitive synchronizing action of adenosine on transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.
- Tsentsevitsky A1, Kovyazina I, Nikolsky E, Bukharaeva E, Giniatullin R.Author information 1Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia.AbstractThe kinetics of neurotransmitter release was recognized recently as an important contributor to synaptic efficiency. Since adenosine is the ubiquitous modulator of presynaptic release in peripheral and central synapses, in the current project we studied the action of this purine on the timing of acetylcholine quantal release from motor nerve terminals in the skeletal muscle. Using extracellular recording from frog neuromuscular junction we tested the action of adenosine on the latencies of single quantal events in the pro-oxidant and antioxidant conditions. We found that adenosine, in addition to previously known inhibitory action on release probability, also synchronized release by removing quantal events with long latencies. This action of adenosine on release timing was abolished by oxidants whereas in the presence of the antioxidant the synchronizing action of adenosine was further enhanced. Interestingly, unlike the timing of release, the inhibitory action of adenosine on release probability was redox-independent. Modulation of release timing by adenosine was mediated by purinergic A1 receptors as it was eliminated by the specific A1 antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) and mimicked by the specific A1 agonist N(6)-cyclopentyl-adenosine. Consistent with data obtained from dispersion of single quantal events, adenosine also reduced the rise-time of multiquantal synaptic currents. The latter effect was reproduced in the model based on synchronizing effect of adenosine on release timing. Thus, adenosine which is generated at the neuromuscular junction from the breakdown of the co-transmitter ATP induces the synchronization of quantal events. The effect of adenosine on release timing should preserve the fidelity of synaptic transmission via "cost-effective" use of less transmitter quanta. Our findings also revealed important crosstalk between purinergic and redox modulation of synaptic processes which could take place in the elderly or in neuromuscular diseases associated with oxidative stress like lateral amyotrophic sclerosis.
- Neuroscience.Neuroscience.2013 Sep 17;248:699-707. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.065. Epub 2013 Jun 24.
- The kinetics of neurotransmitter release was recognized recently as an important contributor to synaptic efficiency. Since adenosine is the ubiquitous modulator of presynaptic release in peripheral and central synapses, in the current project we studied the action of this purine on the timing of ace
- PMID 23806718
- Long-term potentiation in mammalian autonomic ganglia: an inclusive proposal of a calcium-dependent, trans-synaptic process.
- Cifuentes F1, Arias ER, Morales MA.Author information 1Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior s/número, Cd. Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico.AbstractGanglionic synapses have the capability to express long-term potentiation (gLTP) after application of a brief high-frequency stimulus. It has been suggested a possible role of gLTP in some cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of characteristics of gLTP have been described, the precise locations and mechanisms underlying gLTP are not completely known. Current findings support two major conflicting presynaptic and postsynaptic hypotheses. The presynaptic hypothesis posits a presynaptic increase in acetylcholine (ACh) release, whereas the postsynaptic hypothesis proposes a long-lasting enhancement of the nicotinic response on the postsynaptic membrane. An alternative trans-synaptic hypothesis proposes the presynaptic release of a cotransmitter from large dense core vesicles, which postsynaptically enhances synaptic efficacy and accounts for gLTP. Here, we review the studies of LTP, with emphasis on gLTP in mammals, and we examine the findings that support the presynaptic, the postsynaptic and the trans-synaptic hypotheses. We then review our data on the contribution of calcium to gLTP as an approach to elucidate the mechanisms of gLTP. Data on the contribution of calcium to gLTP and on prolonged high-frequency stimulus-dependent fading of LTP have led us to support the trans-synaptic process as responsible for gLTP. Finally, we present a formal working model for the mechanisms of gLTP.
- Brain research bulletin.Brain Res Bull.2013 Aug;97:32-8. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.011. Epub 2013 May 29.
- Ganglionic synapses have the capability to express long-term potentiation (gLTP) after application of a brief high-frequency stimulus. It has been suggested a possible role of gLTP in some cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of characteristics of gLTP have been described, the precise location
- PMID 23727546
Japanese Journal
- GLUTAMATE MAY BE A CO-TRANSMITTER OF GnRH-PEPTIDERGIC NEURONS OF THE TERMINAL-NERVE(Physiology)(Proceedings of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan)
- Yamamoto Naoyuki,Ito Hironobu,Oka Yoshitaka
- Zoological science 19(12), 1470, 2002-12-25
- NAID 110003376580
- Co-transmitter function of ATP in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat
- POELCHEN W
- Neuroscience 102, 593-602, 2001
- NAID 30008316624
- コルチ器レベルにおける情報処理 : その可塑性
- 菅澤 正
- 音声言語医学 39(3), 315-322, 1998-07-20
- … ACh and ATP may regulate sensitivity and input-output functions of the organ of Corti by inducing an intracellular Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>increase in the hair cell as a transmitter or co-transmitter of an olivo-cochlea bundle or as humoral factors. …
- NAID 10007699893
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「cotransmitter」「共存伝達物質」「補助伝達物質」 |
| 関連記事 | 「transmitter」「CO」「cod」「Co」「c」 |
「cotransmitter」
「共存伝達物質」
「補助伝達物質」
「transmitter」
「CO」
「cod」