- 同
- 群発頭痛
WordNet
- come together as in a cluster or flock; "The poets constellate in this town every summer" (同)constellate, flock, clump
- pain in the head caused by dilation of cerebral arteries or muscle contractions or a reaction to drugs (同)head ache, cephalalgia
- growing close together but not in dense mats
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (花・果実などの)『ふさ』《+『of』+『名』》 / (密集した人・動物・物などの)『集団』,群れ(group)《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の回りに)『群がる』;群生する《+『together around』(『round』)+『名』》
- 『頭痛』 / 《話》悩みの種
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/31 22:00:37」(JST)
wiki en
| Cluster headache | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
|
Trigeminal nerve
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|
| ICD-10 | G44.0 |
| ICD-9 | 339.00,339.01,339.02, |
| DiseasesDB | 2850 |
| MedlinePlus | 000786 |
| eMedicine | EMERG/229 article/1142459 |
| Patient UK | Cluster headache |
| MeSH | D003027 |
Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.[1] There are often accompanying autonomic symptoms during the headache such as eye watering, nasal congestion and swelling around the eye, typically confined to the side of the head with the pain.[1]
Cluster headache belongs to a group of primary headache disorders, classified as the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or (TACs). Cluster Headache is named after the demonstrated grouping of headache attacks occurring together (cluster).[1] Individuals typically experience repeated attacks of excruciatingly severe unilateral headache pain.[2] Cluster Headache attacks often occur periodically; spontaneous remissions may interrupt active periods of pain, though about 10–15% of chronic CH never remit.[2] The cause of Cluster Headache has not been identified.
While there is no known cure, cluster headaches can sometimes be prevented and acute attacks treated. Recommended treatments for acute attacks include oxygen or a fast acting triptan.[3] Primary recommended prevention is verapamil. Steroids may be used as a transitional treatment and may prevent attack recurrence until preventative treatments take effect. The condition affects approximately 0.2% of the general population,[4] and men are more commonly affected than women, by a ratio of about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1.[1]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 1.1 Pain
- 1.2 Other symptoms
- 1.3 Recurrence
- 2 Causes
- 2.1 Genetics
- 2.2 Smoking
- 2.3 Hypothalamus
- 3 Pathophysiology
- 4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Differential
- 5 Prevention
- 5.1 Verapamil
- 5.2 Steroids
- 5.3 Surgery
- 5.4 Other
- 6 Management
- 6.1 Oxygen
- 6.2 Triptans
- 6.3 Opioids
- 6.4 Other
- 7 Epidemiology
- 8 History
- 9 Society and culture
- 10 Research directions
- 11 References
Signs and symptoms
Cluster headaches are recurring bouts of excruciating unilateral headache attacks[5] of extreme intensity.[6] The duration of a typical CH attack ranges from about 15 to 180 minutes.[3] Most untreated attacks (about 75%) last less than 60 minutes.[7]
The onset of an attack is rapid and most often without preliminary signs that are characteristic in migraine. Preliminary sensations of pain in the general area of attack, referred to as "shadows", may signal an imminent CH, or these symptoms may linger after an attack has passed, or even between attacks.[8] Though a CH is strictly unilateral, there are some documented cases of "side-shift" between cluster periods, extremely rare, simultaneously (within the same cluster period) bilateral headache.[9]
Pain
The pain occurs only on one side of the head (unilateral), around the eye (orbital), particularly above the eye (supraorbital), in the temple (temporal), or in any combination. The pain of CH is remarkably greater than in other headache conditions, including severe migraine. The term "headache" does not adequately convey the severity of the condition; the disease may be the most painful condition known to medical science.[10] The pain is described as burning, stabbing, boring or squeezing and may be located near or behind the eye.[11] Those with cluster headaches may experience suicidal thoughts during an attack as a result of the pain.[12][13]
Other symptoms
The typical symptoms of cluster headache are grouping (cluster) of recurring headache attacks of severe or very severe unilateral orbital, supraorbital and/or temporal pain. If left untreated, attack frequency will range from one attack every two days to eight attacks a day.[2][3] The headache attack is accompanied by at least one of the following autonomic symptoms: drooping eyelid, pupil constriction, redness of the conjunctiva, tearing, runny nose, and, less commonly, facial blushing, swelling, or sweating, commonly but not always appearing on the same side of the head as the pain.[2]
Restlessness (for example, pacing or rocking back and forth), photosensitivity, aversion to light (photophobia) or sensitivity to noise (phonophobia) may occur during a CH. Nausea is a rare symptom, although it has been reported.[5] Secondary effects may include inability to organize thoughts and plans, physical exhaustion, confusion, agitation, aggressiveness, depression and anxiety.[14]
People with CH may dread facing another headache and adjust their physical or social activities around a possible future occurrence. Likewise they may seek assistance to accomplish what would otherwise be normal tasks. They may hesitate to make plans because of the regularity, or conversely, the unpredictability of the pain schedule. These factors can lead to generalized anxiety disorders, panic disorder,[15] serious depressive disorders,[16] social withdrawal and isolation.[17]
Recurrence
Cluster headaches are occasionally referred to as "alarm clock headaches" because of the regularity of their timing, CH attacks may awaken individuals from sleep. Both individual attacks and the cluster grouping can have a metronomic regularity; attacks striking at a precise time of day each morning or night is typical. The grouping of headache clusters can occur more often around solstices, or spring and autumn equinoxes, sometimes showing circannual periodicity. This has prompted researchers to speculate involvement, or dysfunction of the hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus controls the body's "biological clock" and circadian rhythm.[18][19] Conversely, attack frequency may be highly unpredictable, showing no periodicity at all.
In episodic cluster headaches, attacks occur once or more daily, often at the same time each day, for a period of several weeks, followed by a headache-free period lasting weeks, months, or years. Approximately 10–15% of cluster headaches chronic, with multiple headaches occurring every day for years, sometimes without any remission.[medical citation needed]
In accordance with the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria, cluster headaches occurring in two or more cluster periods, lasting from 7 to 365 days with a pain-free remission of one month or longer between the clusters may be classified as episodic. If attacks occur for more than a year without pain-free remission of at least one month, the condition is classified chronic.[2] Chronic CH occurs continuously without any remission periods between cycles; there may be high and low variation in cycles, meaning the frequency and severity of attacks may change without predictability, for a period of time. The amount of change during these cycles varies between individuals and does not demonstrate complete remission of the episodic form. The condition may change unpredictably, from chronic to episodic and from episodic to chronic.[20]
Causes
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) shows brain areas being activated during pain | ||
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| Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows brain area structural differences | ||
The cause of cluster headache is unknown.[21]
Genetics
Cluster headache may, but rarely, run in some families in an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.[21] People with a first degree relative with the condition are about 14-48 times more likely to develop it themselves,[1] and between 1.9 and 20% of persons with CH have a positive family history.[21] This suggests that genetic factors are important, but the type and number of genes involved is unclear.[21]
Smoking
About 65% of persons with CH are, or have been, tobacco smokers.[1] Stopping smoking does not lead to improvement of the condition and CH also occurs in those who have never smoked (e.g. children);[1] it is thought unlikely that smoking is a cause.[1] People with CH may be predisposed to certain traits, including smoking or other lifestyle habits.[22]
Hypothalamus
One theory is that the cause is dysfunction of the hypothalamus, which may explain why cluster headaches frequently strike around the same time each day, and during a particular season.[medical citation needed] One of the functions of the hypothalamus is regulation of the biological clock. Metabolic abnormalities have also been reported.[medical citation needed] The positron emission tomography (PET) scans indicate the brain areas which are activated during pain of attack only, compared to pain free periods. These pictures show brain areas which are active during pain in yellow/orange color (called "pain matrix"). The area in the center (in all three views) is specifically activated during CH only. The bottom row voxel-based morphometry (VBM) shows structural brain differences between individuals with and without CH; only a portion of the hypothalamus is different.[23]
Pathophysiology
Cluster headache has been historically classified as vascular headaches; for decades, it has been proposed that intense pain was caused by dilation of blood vessels which was thought to create pressure on the trigeminal nerve. While this theory was thought to be the immediate cause of the pain, the etiology (underlying cause or causes) is not fully understood and CH pathogenesis is the subject of ongoing debate.[24] Investigations into the vascular theory of headache disorders are helping to identify the role of other possible causative mechanisms in CH.[25]
Diagnosis
Cluster headaches are often misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or undiagnosed for many years; they may be confused with migraine, "cluster-like" headache (or mimics), CH subtypes, other TACs, or other types of primary or secondary headache syndrome.[26] Cluster-like head pain may be diagnosed as secondary headache rather than cluster headache.[2]
A detailed oral history aids correct differential diagnosis, as there are no confirmatory tests for CH. A headache diary can be useful in tracking when and where pain occurs, how severe it is, and how long the pain lasts. A record of coping strategies used may help distinguish between headache type; data on frequency, severity and duration of headache attacks is a necessary tool for initial and correct differential diagnosis in headache conditions.[27]
Correct diagnosis of CH is a challenge for practitioners, and is especially problematic in hospital emergency departments, where staff are not trained in the diagnosis of rare or complex chronic disease.[28] Although experienced ER staff are sometimes trained to detect headache types,[29] CH attacks themselves are not life-threatening.[30]
Individuals with CH typically experience a lengthy delay before correct diagnosis.[26][31] People are often misdiagnosed due to reported neck, tooth, jaw, and sinus symptoms and may unnecessarily endure many years of referral to ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists for investigation of sinuses; dentists for tooth assessment; chiropractors and manipulative therapists for treatment; or psychiatrists, psychologists and other medical disciplines before their headaches are correctly diagnosed.[32] Often there is a delay of several years before the correct diagnosis is reached.[33] Medical students receive little training in differential diagnoses and management of headaches.[34]
Differential
Cluster headache may be misdiagnosed as migraine or sinusitis.[33] Other types of headache are sometimes mistaken for, or may mimic closely, CH. Incorrect terms like "cluster migraine" confuse headache types for both practitioner and patient, confound differential diagnosis and are often the cause of unnecessary diagnostic delay,[35] ultimately delaying appropriate specialist treatment.
Headaches that may be confused with CH include:
- Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) is a unilateral headache condition, without the male predominance usually seen in CH. Paroxysmal hemicrania may also be episodic. CPH typically responds "absolutely" to treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin[2] where in most cases CH typically shows no positive indomethacin response, making "Indomethacin response" an important diagnostic tool for specialist practitioners seeking correct differential diagnosis between the conditions.[medical citation needed]
- Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is a headache syndrome belonging to the group of TACs.[2][36]
- Trigeminal neuralgia is a unilateral headache syndrome,[32] or "cluster-like" headache.[37]
Prevention
Preventive treatments are used to reduce or eliminate cluster headache attacks; they are generally used in combination with abortive and transitional techniques.[5]
Verapamil
The recommended first-line preventative therapy is verapamil, a calcium channel blocker.[3][38] Verapamil was previously underused in people with cluster headache.[5]
Steroids
There is little evidence to support a long-term benefit from steroids,[3] but they may be used until other medications take effect as they appear to be effective at three days.[3] They are generally discontinued after 8–10 days of treatment.[5]
Surgery
Nerve simulators may be an option in the small number of people who do not improve with medications.[39][40] Two procedures, deep brain stimulation or occipital nerve stimulation, may be useful;[3] early experience shows a benefit in about 60% of cases.[41] It typically takes weeks or months for this benefit to appear.[40] A non-invasive method using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is being studied.[40]
A number of surgical procedures, such as a rhizotomy or microvascular decompression, may also be considered,[40] but evidence to support them is limited and there are cases of people ending up worse off.[40]
Other
Lithium, methysergide, and topiramate are recommended alternative treatments,[38][42] although there is little evidence supporting the use of topiramate or methysergide.[3][43] This is also true for melatonin and ergotamine.[3] Valproate, sumatriptan and oxygen are not recommended as preventative measures.[3] Botox injection have shown mixed success.[44]
Management
Treatment for cluster headache is divided into three primary categories: abortive, transitional, and preventative.[45] There are two primary treatments for acute CH: oxygen and triptans,[3] but they are underused due to misdiagnosis of the syndrome.[5] During bouts of headaches, triggers such as alcohol, nitroglycerine and naps during the day should be avoided.[7]
Oxygen
Oxygen therapy may help people with CH, but it does not help prevent future episodes.[3] Typically it is given via a non-rebreather mask at 12-15 liters per minute for 15–20 minutes.[3] Around 70% improve within 15 minutes.[7]
Triptans
The other primarily recommended treatment of acute attacks is subcutaneous or intranasal sumatriptan.[38] Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan have both been shown to improve symptoms during an attack with sumatriptan being superior.[46] Because of the vasoconstrictive action of triptans, they are contraindicated in people with ischemic heart disease.[3]
Opioids
The use of opioid medication in management of CH is not recommended;[47] they may make headache syndromes worse[48][49] and their long-term use is associated with dependency, addiction and withdrawal syndromes.[50] Prescription of opioid medication may additionally lead to a delay in diagnosis, undertreatment, and mismanagement.[47]
Other
The vasoconstricting ergot compounds may be useful,[7] but have not been well studied in acute attacks.[46]
Epidemiology
Cluster headache effects about 0.2% of the general population,[4] or 56 to 326 people per 100,000.[51] Males are affected more commonly than females, in a ratio of about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1.[1] The condition usually starts between the ages of 20 and 50 years, although it can occur at any age.[1]
History
The first complete description of cluster headache was given by the London neurologist Wilfred Harris in 1926, who named the disease migrainous neuralgia.[52][53][54] Descriptions of CH date to 1745 and probably earlier.[55]
The condition was originally named Horton's cephalalgia after B.T. Horton, a US neurologist who postulated the first theory as to their pathogenesis. His original paper describes the severity of the headaches as being able to take normal men and force them to attempt or complete suicide; his 1939 paper said:
"Our patients were disabled by the disorder and suffered from bouts of pain from two to twenty times a week. They had found no relief from the usual methods of treatment. Their pain was so severe that several of them had to be constantly watched for fear of suicide. Most of them were willing to submit to any operation which might bring relief."[56]
CH has alternately been called erythroprosopalgia of Bing, ciliary neuralgia, erythromelalgia of the head, Horton's headache, histaminic cephalalgia, petrosal neuralgia, sphenopalatine neuralgia, vidian neuralgia, Sluder's neuralgia, and hemicrania angioparalyticia.[57]
Society and culture
Robert Shapiro, a professor of neurology, says that while cluster headaches are about as common as multiple sclerosis with a similar disability level, as of 2013, the US National Institutes of Health had spent $1.872 billion on research into multiple sclerosis in one decade, but less than $2 million on CH research in 25 years.[58] Due to an occasional association with suicideal thoughts, cluster headaches have been colloquial named "suicide headaches."[12]
Research directions
Some controversial case reports suggest that ingesting tryptamines such as LSD, psilocybin or DMT can reduce pain and interrupt cluster headache cycles.[59][60] A 2006 interview/survey of 53 individuals with CH said that psilocybin extended remission periods in 10% cases.[60] The survey was not a blinded or controlled study, and was "limited by recall and selection bias".[59]
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|date=(help) - ^ Johnson, Tim (May 16, 2013). "Researcher works to unlock mysteries of migraines". USA Today. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- ^ a b Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A (March 2011). "Alternative headache treatments: nutraceuticals, behavioral and physical treatments". Headache (Review) 51 (3): 469–83. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01846.x. PMID 21352222. "Although controversial, the evidence for the use of psychedelic drugs such as DMT, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin is worth mentioning for the insight it provides regarding the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache. Further research on the effects of these substances may result in a greater understanding of the mechanisms of these headache disorders. ... "
- ^ a b Vollenweider FX, Kometer M (September 2010). "The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (9): 642–51. doi:10.1038/nrn2884. PMID 20717121.
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 群発頭痛：疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 cluster headache epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis
- 2. 群発頭痛：治療および予後 cluster headache treatment and prognosis
- 3. 頭痛を訴える小児へのアプローチ approach to the child with headache
- 4. 慢性連日性頭痛の概要 overview of chronic daily headache
- 5. 発作性片側頭痛：臨床的特徴および診断 paroxysmal hemicrania clinical features and diagnosis
Japanese Journal
- 群発頭痛の診断と治療 (第5土曜特集 頭痛最前線 : よりよき頭痛診療をめざして) -- (片頭痛以外の一次性頭痛)
- 今井 昇
- 医学のあゆみ 243(13), 1172-1177, 2012-12-29
- NAID 40019525423
- Neuropeptide Effects in the Trigeminal System : Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance in Migraine
- MESSLINGER Karl,FISCHER Michael J. M.,LENNERZ Jochen K.
- Keio journal of medicine 60(3), 82-89, 2011-09-01
- … CGRP and VIP have been found at increased concentrations in jugular venous plasma during attacks of migraine or cluster headache, and CGRP receptor antagonists have recently been shown to be effective in migraine therapy. …
- NAID 10029624739
- Cluster headache following dental treatment: a case report
- Shoji Yoshinobu
- Journal of Oral Science 53(1), 125-127, 2011
- … Cluster headache is a neurovascular disorder characterized by attacks of severe and strictly unilateral pain presenting in and around the orbit and temporal area. … Ipsilateral radiation of the headache to orofacial regions, including the teeth, is not unusual. … A case in which cluster attacks occurred immediately after a dental procedure is described. …
- NAID 130000659046
Related Links
- ... "Cluster headache is a good case in point, cluster headache is widely regarded as the most severe pain a human can experience — that’s not hyperbole. It has a population prevalence that’s approximately the same as ...
- Prevention If prone to cluster headache, stop smoking. Alcohol use and any foods that are associated with cluster headache may need to be avoided. Medications may prevent cluster headaches in some cases.
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「群発頭痛」「ホートン症候群」「群発性頭痛」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「cluster headache syndrome」「chronic cluster headache」 |
| 関連記事 | 「cluster」「clustering」 |
「群発頭痛」
- 英
- cluster headache
- 同
- ヒスタミン頭痛 histamine cephalalgia、ホートン頭痛 Horton's headache
- 関
- 群発性頭痛、頭痛、周期性片頭痛様神経痛、ホートン頭痛、ハリス片頭痛
診断基準
- 参考1.より
- A B～Dをみたす発作が5回以上ある
- B 未治療で一側性の重度～極めて重度の頭痛が、眼窩（がんか）部、眼窩上部または側頭部のいずれか1つ以上の部位に、15～180分間持続する
- C 頭痛と同側に少なくとも以下の1項目を伴う
- 1 結膜充血または流涙（あるいはその両方）
- 2 鼻閉または鼻漏（あるいはその両方）
- 3 眼瞼浮腫（がんけんふしゅ）
- 4 前頭部および顔面の発汗
- 5 縮瞳（しゅくどう）または眼瞼下垂（がんけんかすい）（あるいはその両方）
- 6 落ち着きがない、あるいは興奮した様子
- D 発作頻度は1回/2日～8回/日である
- E その他の疾患によらない
治療
- トリプタン製剤：強い血管収縮作用を有する。(禁忌)狭心症、動脈閉塞性疾患、前立腺肥大症
参考
- 1. 慢性頭痛 日本頭痛学会編／一般・GL（06年）／ガイドライン 群発頭痛はどのように診断するのですか
uptodate
「ホートン症候群」
- 側頭動脈炎による群発頭痛症候群
- 同
- ホートン症候群 Horton症候群 Horton's syndrome Horton syndrome
- 関
- 群発性頭痛、群発頭痛症候群、慢性群発頭痛
- chronic cluster headache、cluster headache、cluster headache syndrome
「群発性頭痛」
「cluster headache syndrome」
「chronic cluster headache」
「cluster」
- n.
- v.
- クラスター形成する、クラスター化する、密集する
「clustering」
- n.