関: anterior chamber、anterior sac

WordNet

a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure
anything with a round shape resembling a teardrop
a rounded part of a cylindrical instrument (usually at one end); "the bulb of a syringe"
a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ
of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body
earlier in time (同)prior
equipment for taking photographs (usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light-sensitive film at the other) (同)photographic camera

PrepTutorEJDIC

『球根』(ユり・タマネギなどの地下茎),りん(鱗)茎,球茎 / 球根状のもの;電球,真空管
(場所などが)前の,前部の;(…より)前に位置する《+『to』+『名』》 / (時・事件などが)以前の,先の;(…より)前の《+『to』+『名』》
『カメラ』,写真機 / テレビ[用]カメラ
comeの過去形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/19 07:15:12」(JST)

wiki en

The anterior chamber (AC) is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.^[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema, anterior uveitis and glaucoma are three main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the trabecular meshwork prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, progressive damage to the optic nerve head, and eventually blindness. The normal depth of the anterior chamber of the eye is 3.5mm to 2.5mm; depth less than 2.5mm can be a risk factor for angle closure glaucoma.

Measuring the anterior chamber depth for clinical purposes

Determining the anterior chamber depth (ACD) is important in estimating the risk of angle closure glaucoma. There are various method of measuring ACD, including examination through a slit lamp, ultrasound and Scheimpflug photography. These methods require sophisticated equipment and expertise.

A simple clinical method of quantitatively estimating ACD using smartphone photography (EZ ratio) was developed by Dr Ehud Zamir from the Centre for Eye Research, the University of Melbourne, Australia, and published in 2016.^[2]

Using the EZ ratio method for estimation of the anterior chamber depth:^[2]

To calculate the estimated anterior chamber depth, the patient looks at a target in the distance with one eye covered. The examiner takes a digital photograph of the open, examined eye, from the side, perpendicular to the visual axis (a profile photograph).

The following parameters then need to be measured in the photograph, using a personal computer or a smartphone (figures 1,2):

1. The pixel distance between the limbus (the junction between clear cornea and white sclera) and the front of the cornea. This distance is referred to as Z.

2. The pixel distance between the limbus and the centre of the pupil. This distance is referred to as E.

E:Z ratio is the arithmetic ratio between E and Z.

This ratio is linearly correlated with the depth of the anterior chamber with the following equation:

Anterior chamber depth (expressed in millimetres) = -3.3 x EZ ratio + 4.2

This estimate has been shown to be accurate with a 95% confidence interval of +/– 0.33 mm error, when compared to measurements of the anterior chamber depth by Scheimpflug photography.^[2]

Figure 1. Calculating EZ ratio.

Figure 2. Different anterior chamber depths as seen from the lateral perpendicular view. The more forward the pupil is, the shallower the anterior chamber.

Anterior chamber associated immune deviation

One peculiar feature of the anterior chamber is dampened immune response to allogenic grafts. This is called anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID), a term introduced in 1981 by Streilein et al.^[3]^[4]

Pathology

Glaucoma
Hyphema
Hypopyon
Intraocular pressure
Ocular hypertension

Additional Images

Structures of the eye labeled
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye

References

^ Cassin, B.; Solomon, S. (1990). Dictionary of eye terminology. Gainesville, Fla: Triad Pub. Co. ISBN 0-937404-33-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zamir, Ehud (2016). "A novel method of quantitative anterior chamber depth estimation using temporal perpendicular digital photography". Translation Vision Science and Technology. 5: 10.
^ Streilein JW, Niederkorn JY (May 1981). "Induction of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation requires an intact, functional spleen". J. Exp. Med. 153 (5): 1058–67. PMC 2186172 . PMID 6788883. doi:10.1084/jem.153.5.1058.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-02-11. Retrieved 2012-07-16.

External links

Atlas image: eye_2 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 女性の骨盤臓器脱：後膣壁脱の外科的修復 pelvic organ prolapse in women surgical repair of anterior vaginal wall prolapse
2. 左脚前枝ブロック left anterior fascicular block
3. 強膜炎の臨床症症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of scleritis
4. 前十字靱帯損傷 anterior cruciate ligament injury
5. 非動脈炎性前部虚血性視神経症：臨床的特徴および診断 nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

[Retrospective analysis of causes of enucleations after anti-glaucomatous surgery].

[No authors listed]AbstractProximate causes of intraocular pressure (IOP) decompensation accompanied with persistent pain syndrome were determined based on results of morphological examination of 59 eyes enucleated due to terminal previously operated glaucoma and medical history analysis. Excessive scarring, formation of solid hyalinized membrane in the site of filter pad, closure of anterior chamber angle with synechia as an outcome of chronic iridocyclitis and inappropriate surgical approach lead to increase in the resistance of the aqueous humor outflow and result in glaucoma decompensation causing complications that necessitate enucleation. The most common complications are the following: bacterial corneal ulcer with potential perforation and endophthalmitis, hemorrhagic choroidal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, persistent pain syndrome and phthisis bulbi.
Vestnik oftalmologii.Vestn Oftalmol.2012 May-Jun;128(3):18-22.
Proximate causes of intraocular pressure (IOP) decompensation accompanied with persistent pain syndrome were determined based on results of morphological examination of 59 eyes enucleated due to terminal previously operated glaucoma and medical history analysis. Excessive scarring, formation of soli
PMID 23120919

An outbreak of acute post-cataract surgery Pseudomonas sp. endophthalmitis caused by contaminated hydrophilic intraocular lens solution.

Ramappa M, Majji AB, Murthy SI, Balne PK, Nalamada S, Garudadri C, Mathai A, Gopinathan U, Garg P.SourceCornea and Anterior Segment Services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara hills, Hyderabad, India.
Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology.2012 Mar;119(3):564-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.031. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
OBJECTIVE: To report the investigation for the source of infection and the clinical course and treatment response of 11 cases of acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis that developed during an outbreak.DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series.PARTICIPANTS: Eleven patients
PMID 22218145

「前房」

Anterior chamber of eyeball
	Anterior part of human eye, with anterior chamber at right.
	Schematic diagram of the human eye.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	camera anterior bulbi oculi
TA	A15.2.06.003
FMA	58078
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]