n.

球、ボール

関: bulb、globe、globus、sphere

WordNet

an object with a spherical shape; "a ball of fire" (同)globe, orb
a pitch that is not in the strike zone; "he threw nine straight balls before the manager yanked him"
a spherical object used as a plaything; "he played with his rubber ball in the bathtub"
round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games; "the ball travelled 90 mph on his serve"; "the mayor threw out the first ball"; "the ball rolled into the corner pocket"
the game of baseball
form into a ball by winding or rolling; "ball wool"
a compact mass; "a ball of mud caught him on the shoulder" (同)clod, glob, lump, clump, chunk
a lavish dance requiring formal attire (同)formal
a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass; "the ball at the base of the thumb"; "he stood on the balls of his feet"
the people assembled at a lavish formal dance; "the ball was already emptying out before the fire alarm sounded"
a particular environment or walk of life; "his social sphere is limited"; "it was a closed area of employment"; "hes out of my orbit" (同)domain, area, orbit, field, arena
a solid figure bounded by a spherical surface (including the space it encloses)
a three-dimensional closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center
any spherically shaped artifact
the geographical area in which one nation is very influential (同)sphere of influence
a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure
anything with a round shape resembling a teardrop
a rounded part of a cylindrical instrument (usually at one end); "the bulb of a syringe"
a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ
a sphere on which a map (especially of the earth) is represented
a form of baseball played in the streets with a rubber ball and broomstick handle (同)stickball game
rubber ball used in playing squash
football played for pay
United States comedienne best known as the star of a popular television program (1911-1989) (同)Lucille Ball
an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『球』,まり,『ボール』 / 〈U〉球技;野球(baseball) / 〈C〉(野球で) / ボール / 投球;打球 / 〈C〉弾丸(bullet) / 〈C〉球状のもの / 〈C〉(特の体の)丸くふくらんだ部分 / 《複数形》《俗》睾丸(こうがん),きんたま / …'を'球の形にする / 球になる
(規模の大きな正式の)『舞踏会』 / 《話》非常に楽しいひととき
〈性俗〉（男性が）～と性交する
『球』,球体,球面 / (惑星・星などの)『天体』;天球;《詞》天,空 / (知識・活動・影響などの)『範囲』,領域《+『of』+『名』》 / (社会的)地位,階級
『球根』(ユり・タマネギなどの地下茎),りん(鱗)茎,球茎 / 球根状のもの;電球,真空管
〈C〉『球』,球体 / 《the ~》『地球』(the earth) / 〈C〉『地球儀』 / 〈C〉球形のガラス器(ガラス鉢・ランプのほや・金魚鉢など)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/17 21:15:23」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A ball is a round, usually spherical but sometimes ovoid, object with various uses. It is used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. In the context of sports, "ball" need not refer to a spherical object, as is the case in American football. Balls can also be used for simpler activities, such as catch, marbles and juggling. Balls made from hard-wearing materials are used in engineering applications to provide very low friction bearings, known as ball bearings. Black-powder weapons use stone and metal balls as projectiles.

Although many types of balls are today made from rubber, this form was unknown outside the Americas until after the voyages of Columbus. The Spanish were the first Europeans to see bouncing rubber balls (albeit solid and not inflated) which were employed most notably in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Balls used in various sports in other parts of the world prior to Columbus were made from other materials such as animal bladders or skins, stuffed with various materials.

As balls are one of the most familiar spherical objects to humans, the word "ball" is used to refer to, or to describe, anything spherical or near-spherical.

Etymology

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in Laȝamon's Brut, or Chronicle of Britain in the phrase, "Summe heo driuen balles wide ȝeond Þa feldes." The word came from the Middle English bal (inflected as ball-e, -es, in turn from Old Norse böllr (pronounced [bɔlːr]; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, (whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic *ballon (weak masculine), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic *ballôn (weak feminine). No Old English representative of any of these is known. (The answering forms in Old English would have been beallu, -a, -e—compare bealluc, ballock.) If ball- was native in Germanic, it may have been a cognate with the Latin foll-is in sense of a "thing blown up or inflated." In the later Middle English spelling balle the word coincided graphically with the French balle "ball" and "bale" which has hence been erroneously assumed to be its source. French balle (but not boule) is assumed to be of Germanic origin, itself, however. In Ancient Greek the word πάλλα (palla) for "ball" is attested^[1] besides the word "σφαίρα", sphere.^[2]

History

Russian leather balls (Russian: мячи), 12th-13th century.

A ball, as the essential feature in many forms of gameplay requiring physical exertion, must date from the very earliest times. A rolling object appeals not only to a human baby but to a kitten and a puppy. Some form of game with a ball is found portrayed on Egyptian monuments, and is played among aboriginal tribes at the present day. In Homer, Nausicaa was playing at ball with her maidens when Odysseus first saw her in the land of the Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). And Halios and Laodamas performed before Alcinous and Odysseus with ball play, accompanied with dancing (Od. viii. 370).

Ancient Greeks

Among the Greeks games with balls (σφαῖραι) were regarded as a useful subsidiary to the more violent athletic exercises, as a means of keeping the body supple, and rendering it graceful, but were generally left to boys and girls. Of regular rules for the playing of ball games, little trace remains, if there were any such. The names in Greek for various forms, which have come down to us in such works as the Ὀνομαστικόν of Julius Pollux, imply little or nothing of such; thus, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) only means the putting of the ball on the ground with the open hand, οὐρανία (ourania), the flinging of the ball in the air to be caught by two or more players; φαινίνδα (phaininda) would seem to be a game of catch played by two or more, where feinting is used as a test of quickness and skill. Pollux (i. x. 104) mentions a game called episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), which has often been looked on as the origin of football. It seems to have been played by two sides, arranged in lines; how far there was any form of "goal" seems uncertain.^[3]

Ancient Romans

Among the Romans, ball games were looked upon as an adjunct to the bath, and were graduated to the age and health of the bathers, and usually a place (sphaeristerium) was set apart for them in the baths (thermae). There appear to have been three types or sizes of ball, the pila, or small ball, used in catching games, the paganica, a heavy ball stuffed with feathers, and the follis, a leather ball filled with air, the largest of the three. This was struck from player to player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as trigon, played by three players standing in the form of a triangle, and played with the follis, and also one known as harpastum, which seems to imply a "scrimmage" among several players for the ball. These games are known to us through the Romans, though the names are Greek.^[3]

Modern ball games

The various modern games played with a ball or balls and subject to rules are treated under their various names, such as polo, cricket, football, etc.^[3]

Different types of balls

Football from association football (soccer)
Baoding balls
Baseball
Basketball
Billiard balls
Bowling ball (and pin)
Lacrosse ball
Cricket ball
Golf ball next to a hole
Rugby union ball
Australian rules football
Tennis ball
Volleyball
American football
Canadian football
Water polo ball

References

^ πάλλα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ σφαίρα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ball". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Ultra-low-dose sequential computed tomography for quantitative lung aeration assessment-a translational study.

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PMID 28378187

Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Synthesis of Quaternary Semiconductor Cu-Fe-Sn-S Nanocrystals.

Baláž P1, Baláž M1, Sayagués MJ2, Škorvánek I3, Zorkovská A1, Dutková E1, Briančin J1, Kováč J4, Kováč J Jr4, Shpotyuk Y5,6.
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Multiple attentional sets while monitoring rapid serial visual presentations.

Kawahara JI1,2, Kumada T2,3.
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The effect of ball impact location on racket and forearm joint angle changes for one-handed tennis backhand groundstrokes.

King M1, Hau A1, Blenkinsop G1.
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PMID 27460020

Japanese Journal

Preparation of LaB6 Powders via Calciothermic Reduction using Mechanochemistry and Acid Leaching

, , ,
KONA Powder and Particle Journal advpub(0), 2016
… Nanosized LaB6 powders were achieved with/without an insignificant amount of Ca3(BO3)2 phase via mechanochemistry in a high-energy ball mill for 3 h and via leaching with 4 M and 6 M HCl. …
NAID 130005064513

Robustness to temporal constraint explains expertise in ball-over-net sports

Yamamoto Yuji,Suzuki Hiroo
Human Movement Science 41, 193, 2015-06
NAID 120005603761

Design of an electron-optical system with a ball-tip emission source through a numerical optimization method for high-throughput electron-beam–direct-write lithography

Lee Hsuan-Ping,Chen Sheng-Yung,Liu Chun-Hung,Ding Qi,Shen Yu-Tian,Tsai Kuen-Yu
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6S1), 06FD01, 2015-05-01
… A ball-tip emission source initially proposed by another group is further discussed. … For performance comparison, two EOSs, one with a generic emission source and the other with a ball-tip emission source, are designed using the proposed method. … Preliminary results indicate that a sixfold emission current is obtained from the EOS with the ball-tip emission source. …
NAID 150000110645

Reliability of copper wire bonds on a novel over-pad metallization

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Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(5S), 05EC01, 2015-04-07
… Because Cu wire bonds are vulnerable to high temperature and humidity, they remain unpopular in automotive and industrial applications with narrow-bond-pad pitches and small deformed ball diameters. …
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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「globe」「bulb」「sphere」
拡張検索	「ballistocardiography」「endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation」「balloon atrial septostomy」「balloon atrioseptostomy」