関: Isobutane

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occurs in natural gas; used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels

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ブタン(メタン系炭化水素の一つ)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/25 17:05:56」(JST)

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Butane (/ˈbjuːteɪn/) is an organic compound with the formula C₄H₁₀ that is an alkane with four carbon atoms. Butane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The term may refer to either of two structural isomers, n-butane or isobutane (or "methylpropane"), or to a mixture of these isomers. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, "butane" refers only to the n-butane isomer (which is the isomer with the unbranched structure). Butanes are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases. The name butane comes from the roots but- (from butyric acid) and -ane.

Isomers

Common name	normal butane unbranched butane n-butane	isobutane i-butane
IUPAC name	butane	2-methylpropane
Molecular diagram
Skeletal diagram

Rotation about the central C−C bond produces two different conformations (trans and gauche) for n-butane.^[5]

Reactions

Spectrum of the blue flame from a butane torch showing CH molecular radical band emission and C₂ Swan bands

When oxygen is plentiful, butane burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor; when oxygen is limited, carbon (soot) or carbon monoxide may also be formed.

When there is sufficient oxygen:

2 C₄H₁₀ + 13 O₂ → 8 CO₂ + 10 H₂O

When oxygen is limited:

2 C₄H₁₀ + 9 O₂ → 8 CO + 10 H₂O

The maximum adiabatic flame temperature of butane with air is 2,243 K (1,970 °C; 3,578 °F).

n-Butane is the feedstock for DuPont's catalytic process for the preparation of maleic anhydride:

2 CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ + 7 O₂ → 2 C₂H₂(CO)₂O + 8 H₂O

n-Butane, like all hydrocarbons, undergoes free radical chlorination providing both 1-chloro- and 2-chlorobutanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. The relative rates of the chlorination is partially explained by the differing bond dissociation energies, 425 and 411 kJ/mol for the two types of C-H bonds.

Uses

Normal butane can be used for gasoline blending, as a fuel gas, either alone or in a mixture with propane, and as a feedstock for the manufacture of ethylene and butadiene, a key ingredient of synthetic rubber. Isobutane is primarily used by refineries to enhance (increase) the octane number of motor gasoline.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

When blended with propane and other hydrocarbons, it may be referred to commercially as LPG, for liquefied petroleum gas. It is used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking, as fuel for cigarette lighters and as a propellant in aerosol sprays such as deodorants.^[10]

Very pure forms of butane, especially isobutane, can be used as refrigerants and have largely replaced the ozone-layer-depleting halomethanes, for instance in household refrigerators and freezers. The system operating pressure for butane is lower than for the halomethanes, such as R-12, so R-12 systems such as in automotive air conditioning systems, when converted to butane will not function optimally.

Butane cylinder for use in a camping stove.

Butane is also used as lighter fuel for a common lighter or butane torch and is sold bottled as a fuel for cooking and camping.^[11] In this form it is often mixed with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans which will give the unburned gas an offensive smell easily detected by the human nose. In this way, butane leaks can easily be identified. Both hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, while considered poisons, have low boiling points and quickly vaporize when not under pressure. Most commercially available butane also contains a certain amount of contaminant oil which can be removed through filtration but which will otherwise leave a deposit at the point of ignition and may eventually block the uniform flow of gas.

Cordless hair irons are usually powered by butane cartridges.^[12]

Effects and health issues

Inhalation of butane can cause euphoria, drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia, cardiac arrhythmia, fluctuations in blood pressure and temporary memory loss, when abused directly from a highly pressurized container, and can result in death from asphyxiation and ventricular fibrillation. Butane is the most commonly misused volatile substance in the UK, and was the cause of 52% of solvent related deaths in 2000.^[13] By spraying butane directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to −20 °C (−4 °F) by expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm.^[14] "Sudden sniffer's death" syndrome, first described by Bass in 1970,^[15] is the most common single cause of solvent related death, resulting in 55% of known fatal cases.^[14]

A small amount of nitrogen dioxide, a toxic gas, results from burning butane gas, along with any combustion in the earth's atmosphere, and represents a human health hazard from home heaters and stoves.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0068". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ CID 7843 from PubChem
^ W. B. Kay. "Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations for n-Butane". Standard Oil Company.
^ "Safety Data Sheet, Material Name: N-Butane" (PDF). USA: Matheson Tri-Gas Incorporated. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ Roman M. Balabin (2009). "Enthalpy Difference between Conformations of Normal Alkanes: Raman Spectroscopy Study of n-Pentane and n-Butane". J. Phys. Chem. A 113 (6): 1012–9. doi:10.1021/jp809639s. PMID 19152252.
^ MarkWest Energy Partners, L.P. Form 10-K. Sec.gov
^ Copano Energy, L.L.C. Form 10-K. Sec.gov. Retrieved on 2012-12-03.
^ Targa Resources Partners LP Form10-k. Sec.gov. Retrieved on 2012-12-03.
^ Crosstex Energy, L.P. FORM 10-K. Sec.gov
^ A Primer on Gasoline Blending. An EPRINC Briefing Memorandum
^ "An In-Depth Look at How Bottled Butane is Refined - Part I". Butane Source. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
^ FAA: Hazardous Materials p. 4
^ Field-Smith M, Bland JM, Taylor JC; et al. "Trends in death Associated with Abuse of Volatile Substances 1971–2004" (PDF). Department of Public Health Sciences. London: St George’s Medical School.
^ ^a ^b Ramsey J, Anderson HR, Bloor K; et al. (1989). "An introduction to the practice, prevalence and chemical toxicology of volatile substance abuse". Hum Toxicol 8 (4): 261–269. doi:10.1177/096032718900800403. PMID 2777265.
^ Bass M. (1970). "Sudden sniffing death". JAMA 212 (12): 2075–2079. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170250031004. PMID 5467774.
^ Ghosn, Marwan; Flouty, Roula; Saliba, Najat A. (2005). "Emission of Nitrogen Dioxide from Butane Gas Heaters and Stoves Indoors". American Journal of Applied Sciences 2 (3): 707. doi:10.3844/ajassp.2005.707.710.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0232
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

UpToDate Contents

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5. 中毒の小児に対する汚染除去 decontamination of poisoned children

English Journal

Der p 1 is the primary activator of Der p 3, Der p 6 and Der p 9 the proteolytic allergens produced by the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

Herman J1, Thelen N2, Smargiasso N3, Mailleux AC4, Luxen A5, Cloes M2, De Pauw E3, Chevigné A6, Galleni M7, Dumez ME8.Author information 1Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.2Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.3Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-R, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.4Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.5Centre de Recherche du Cyclotron, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.6Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.7Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Electronic address: mgalleni@ulg.ac.be.8Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.AbstractBACKGROUND: The enzymatic activity of the four proteases found in the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is involved in the pathogenesis of allergy. Our aim was to elucidate the activation cascade of their corresponding precursor forms and particularly to highlight the interconnection between proteases during this cascade.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Mar;1840(3):1117-24. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.017. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
BACKGROUND: The enzymatic activity of the four proteases found in the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is involved in the pathogenesis of allergy. Our aim was to elucidate the activation cascade of their corresponding precursor forms and particularly to highlight the interconnection be
PMID 24291687

Concentrations and trends of perfluorinated chemicals in potential indoor sources from 2007 through 2011 in the US.

Liu X1, Guo Z2, Krebs KA2, Pope RH3, Roache NF3.Author information 1US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States. Electronic address: liu.xiaoyu@epa.gov.2US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.3Arcadis US Inc., 4915 Prospectus Drive, Suite F, Durham, NC 27713, United States.AbstractCertain perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in consumer products used indoors are potential indoor PFCs sources and have been associated with developmental toxicity and other adverse health effects in laboratory animals (Lao et al., 2007). The concentrations of selected PFCs including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), in 35 selected consumer products that are commonly used in indoors were measured from the year of 2007 through 2011. The products collected included carpet, commercial carpet-care liquids, household carpet/fabric-care liquids, treated apparel, treated home textiles, treated non-woven medical garments, floor waxes, food-contact paper, membranes for apparel, and thread-sealant tapes. They were purchased from retail outlets in the United States between March 2007 and September 2011. The perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) contents in the products have shown an overall downward trend. However, PFOA (C8) could still be detected in many products that we analyzed. Reductions of PFCAs were shown in both short-chain PFCAs (sum of C4 to C7) and long-chain PFCAs (sum of C8 to C12) over the study period. There were no significant changes observed between short-chain PFCAs and long-chain PFCAs. Fourteen products were analyzed to determine the amounts of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) they contained. These limited data show the pronounced increase of perfluoro-butane sulfonate (PFBS), an alternative to perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS), in the samples. A longer and wider range of study will be required to confirm this observed trend.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Mar;98:51-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.001. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Certain perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in consumer products used indoors are potential indoor PFCs sources and have been associated with developmental toxicity and other adverse health effects in laboratory animals (Lao et al., 2007). The concentrations of selected PFCs including perfluorooctanoic
PMID 24268172

Cathepsin k activity controls injury-related vascular repair in mice.

Hu L, Cheng XW, Song H, Inoue A, Jiang H, Li X, Shi GP, Kozawa E, Okumura K, Kuzuya M.Author information Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. xianwu@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp or Kuzuya@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.AbstractCathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent mammalian collagenases. We showed previously the increased expression of CatK in human and animal atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we hypothesized that ablation of CatK mitigates injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Male wild-type (CatK(+/+)) and CatK-deficient (CatK(-/-)) mice underwent ligation or a combination of ligation and polyethylene cuff-replacement injuries to the right common carotid artery just proximal to its bifurcation, and they were then processed for morphological and biochemical studies at specific time points. On operative day 28, CatK(-/-) significantly reduced neointimal formation and neovessel formation in both single- and combination-injured arteries compared with the Cat K(+/+) mice. At early time points, CatK(-/-) reduced the lesion macrophage contents and medial smooth muscle cell proliferation, the mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, toll-like receptor-2, toll-like receptor-4, chemokine ligand-12, and the gelatinolytic activity related to matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9. An aorta-explant assay revealed that smooth muscle cell movement was impaired in the CatK(-/-) mice compared with the CatK(+/+) mice. In addition, the smooth muscle cells and macrophages from CatK(-/-) mice had less invasive ability through a reconstituted basement membrane barrier. This vasculoprotective effect was mimicked by Cat inhibition with trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-{4-guanidino} butane (E64d). These results demonstrate an essential role of CatK in neointimal lesion formation in response to injury, possibly via the reduction of toll-like receptor-2/-4-mediated inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the control of endovascular treatment-related restenosis by regulating CatK activity.
Hypertension.Hypertension.2014 Mar;63(3):607-15. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02141. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent mammalian collagenases. We showed previously the increased expression of CatK in human and animal atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we hypothesized that ablation of CatK mitigates injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Male wild-type (CatK(+/+)) and CatK-def
PMID 24343118

Japanese Journal

O-202 バイオマスから液化石油ガスの選択的合成 : 炭酸ガスの資源化(セッション2:熱分解・ガス化)

藤元薫,李聰明,袁興東,吉野和夫,室井高城
バイオマス科学会議発表論文集 (8), 14-15, 2012-12-25
… Hybrid catalysts composed of a specially designed methanol synthesis catalyst and solid acids could make butane-rich paraffin mixture from synthesis gas containing CO_2, at below 300℃ and under 2-3 MPa. …
NAID 110009560568

No.39 DME・ブタン混合燃料を用いた超小型発電機による排ガス特性(構造・物性(2),その他)

山内裕允,鬼頭佑輔,齊藤啓太,小林直人,行本正雄
石炭科学会議発表論文集 (49), 78-79, 2012-10-15
… In this study, to operate micro dynamo supplying a mixture fuel of butane and DME, the fuel consumption and exhaust gases (NO,CO) was measured From the experimental result, which an increased in the mixing ratio of DME, the percentage of CO was reduced, but the percentage of NO increased. …
NAID 110009560525

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「GABA」「ブタン」
拡張検索	「cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer」「Isobutane」「butanediol fermentation」

「GABA」

Butane
Names
	IUPAC name Butane
	Other names Butyl hydride; Methylethylmethane
Identifiers
CAS Number	106-97-8
Beilstein Reference	969129
ChEBI	CHEBI:37808
ChEMBL	ChEMBL134702
ChemSpider	7555
EC Number	203-448-7
Gmelin Reference	1148
Jmol interactive 3D	Image
KEGG	D03186
MeSH	butane
PubChem	7843
RTECS number	EJ4200000
UNII	6LV4FOR43R
UN number	1011
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H10/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 Key: IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES CCCC ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C4H10
Molar mass	58.12 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Gasoline-like or natural gas-like
Density	2.48 kg/m3 (at 15 °C (59 °F))
Melting point	−140 to −134 °C; −220 to −209 °F; 133 to 139 K
Boiling point	−1 to 1 °C; 30 to 34 °F; 272 to 274 K
Solubility in water	61 mg L−1 (at 20 °C (68 °F))
log P	2.745
Vapor pressure	~170 kPa at 283 K
Henry's law; constant (kH)	11 nmol Pa−1 kg−1
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity (C)	98.49 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	−126.3–−124.9 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcHo298)	−2.8781–−2.8769 MJ mol−1
Hazards
Safety data sheet	See: data page
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	DANGER
GHS hazard statements	H220
GHS precautionary statements	P210
EU classification (DSD)	F+
R-phrases	R12
S-phrases	(S2) S16
NFPA 704	4 1 0
Flash point	−60 °C (−76 °F; 213 K)
Autoignition; temperature	288 °C (550 °F; 561 K)
Explosive limits	1.8–8.4%
	US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)	none
REL (Recommended)	TWA 800 ppm (1900 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger	N.D.
Related compounds
Related alkanes	Propane; Isobutane; Pentane;
Related compounds	Perfluorobutane
Supplementary data page
Structure and; properties	Refractive index (n),; Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic; data	Phase behaviour; solid–liquid–gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references