WordNet

have young (animals) or reproduce (organisms); "pandas rarely breed in captivity"; "These bacteria reproduce" (同)multiply
cause to procreate (animals); "She breeds dogs"
a special variety of domesticated animals within a species; "he experimented on a particular breed of white rats"; "he created a new strain of sheep" (同)strain, stock
a special type; "Google represents a new breed of entrepreneurs"
copulate with a female, used especially of horses; "The horse covers the mare" (同)cover
bred for many generations from member of a recognized breed or strain

PrepTutorEJDIC

breedの過去・過去分詞
〈動物が〉『子を生む』,繁殖する / 〈物事が〉生ずる,越こる / (新種の育成,品種改良などのために)〈家畜〉‘を'『詞育する』,〈植物〉‘を'『育てる』 / …‘を'『生む』,『生じさせる』 / 〈子供など〉‘を'育てる,しつける / (動植物の改良された)『品種』,血統 / 種類
(動物が)純血種の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/26 15:28:04」(JST)

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A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species and that were arrived at through selective breeding. Despite the centrality of the idea of "breeds" to animal husbandry and agriculture, no single, scientifically accepted definition of the term exists.^[1] A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a term of art amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset.^[2]

When bred together, individuals of the same breed pass on these predictable traits to their offspring, and this ability—known as "breeding true"—is a requirement for a breed. Plant breeds are more commonly known as cultivars. The offspring produced as a result of breeding animals of one breed with other animals of another breed are known as crossbreeds or mixed breeds. Crosses between animal or plant variants above the level of breed/cultivar (i.e. between species, subspecies, botanical variety, even different genera) are referred to as hybrids.^[3]

Animal breeds

Breeder selection

The breeder (or group of breeders) who initially establish a breed, do so by selecting individual animals from within a gene pool that they see as having the necessary qualities needed to enhance the breed model they are aiming for. These animals are referred to as “breed foundation”, or “breed origination”. Further, the breeder mates the most desirable from his point of view representatives, aiming to pass such characteristics to their progeny. This process is known as selective breeding. A written description of desirable and undesirable breed representatives is referred to as a breed standard.

Breed characteristics

Breed specific characteristics also known as breed traits are inherited, and purebred animals pass such traits from generation to generation. Thus, all specimens of the same breed carry several genetic characteristics of the original foundation animal(s). In order to maintain the breed, a breeder would select those animals with the most desirable traits, to achieve further maintenance and developing of such traits. At the same time, avoiding animals carrying characteristics, not typical and/or undesirable for the breed, known as faults or genetic defects. The population within the same breed consists of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within the specified parameters without the necessity of forced inbreeding. The breed includes several bloodlines that can be interbred to sustain the breed in whole without weakening the gene pool.

Domestic animal breeds commonly differ from country to country, and from nation to nation. Breeds originating in a certain country are known as "native breeds" of that country.

Lists of animal breeds

Mammals

List of cat breeds
List of cattle breeds
List of dog breeds
List of water buffalo breeds
List of domestic pig breeds
List of donkey breeds
List of goat breeds
List of guinea pig breeds
List of horse breeds
List of rabbit breeds
List of fancy rat varieties and
List of laboratory rat strains
List of sheep breeds

Birds

List of chicken breeds
List of duck breeds
List of goose breeds
List of pigeon breeds
List of turkey breeds

References

^ The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Barbara Rischkowsky and Dafydd Pilling. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 2007
^ The Genetics of Populations. Jay L Lush. Iowa State University Press. 1994
^ Banga, Surinder S. (November 25, 1998). Hybrid Cultivar Development, p. 119. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-63523-8

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：研究用に育種された遺伝子改変マウス tools for genetics and genomics specially bred and genetically engineered mice
2. 刺咬昆虫：生物学および識別 stinging insects biology and identification
3. 家庭におけるペット：アレルギー疾患に対する影響 pets in the home impact on allergic disease
4. 1型糖尿病の予測 prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus
5. 喘息の遺伝学 genetics of asthma

English Journal

Prevalence and co-occurrence of hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia in Dutch pure-bred dogs.

Lavrijsen IC1, Heuven HC2, Meij BP1, Theyse LF1, Nap RC3, Leegwater PA1, Hazewinkel HA4.Author information 1Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.2Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.3Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Uppertunity Consultants, Gaspar Campos 245, B1638 Vicente Lopez, Argentina.4Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.a.w.hazewinkel@uu.nl.AbstractHip as well as elbow dysplasia (HD, ED) are developmental disorders leading to malformation of their respective joints. For a long time both disorders have been scored and targeted for improvement using selective breeding in several Dutch dog populations. In this paper all scores for both HD and ED, given to pure bred dogs in the Netherlands from 2002 to 2010, were analyzed. Heritabilities and correlations between HD and ED were calculated for the 4 most frequently scored breeds. Heritabilities ranged from 0.0 to 0.37 for HD related traits (FCI-score, osteoarthritis, congruity, shape and laxity (Norberg angle); FCI: Fédération Cynologique Internationale) and from 0.0 to 0.39 for ED related traits (IEWG score, osteoarthritis, sclerosis and indentation; IEWG: International Elbow Working Group). HD related traits showed high genetic and residual correlations among each other but were only to a minor extent correlated with ED related traits, which also showed high correlations among each other. Genetic correlations were higher than residual correlations. Phenotypic and genetic trends since 2001 for the four most scored breeds were slightly positive but decreasing over time, indicating that selection over the past decade has not been effective.
Preventive veterinary medicine.Prev Vet Med.2014 May 1;114(2):114-22. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 Feb 13.
Hip as well as elbow dysplasia (HD, ED) are developmental disorders leading to malformation of their respective joints. For a long time both disorders have been scored and targeted for improvement using selective breeding in several Dutch dog populations. In this paper all scores for both HD and ED,
PMID 24588976

Long-term and transgenerational effects of cryopreservation on rabbit embryos.

Lavara R1, Baselga M2, Marco-Jiménez F2, Vicente JS2.Author information 1Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46071-Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciência y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: larachel666@hotmail.com.2Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46071-Valencia, Spain.AbstractThe short-term effects of cryopreservation and embryo transfer are well documented (reduced embryo viability, changes in pattern expression), but little is known about their long-term effects. We examined the possibility that embryo vitrification and transfer in rabbit could have an impact on the long-term reproductive physiology of the offspring and whether these phenotypes could be transferred to the progeny. Vitrified rabbit embryos were warmed and transferred to recipient females (F0). The offspring of the F0 generation were the F1 generation (cryopreserved animals). Females from F1 generation offspring were bred to F1 males to generate an F2 generation. In addition, two counterpart groups of noncryopreserved animals were bred and housed simultaneously to F1 and F2 generations (CF1 and CF2, respectively). The reproductive traits studied in all studied groups were litter size (LS), number born alive at birth (BA), and postnatal survival at Day 28 (number of weaned/number born alive expressed as percentage). The reproductive traits were analyzed using Bayesian methodology. Features of the estimated marginal posterior distributions of the differences between F1 and their counterparts (F1 - CF1) and between F2 and their counterparts (F2 - CF2) in reproductive characters found that vitrification and transfer procedures cause a consistent increase in LS and BA between F1 and CF1 females (more than 1.4 kits in LS and more than 1.3 BA) and also between F2 and CF2 females (0.96 kits in LS and 0.94 BA). We concluded that embryo cryopreservation and transfer procedures have long-term effects on derived female reproduction (F1 females) and transgenerational effects on female F1 offspring (F2 females).
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Apr 15;81(7):988-92. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.030. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
The short-term effects of cryopreservation and embryo transfer are well documented (reduced embryo viability, changes in pattern expression), but little is known about their long-term effects. We examined the possibility that embryo vitrification and transfer in rabbit could have an impact on the lo
PMID 24581589

Effect of reproductive tract scoring on reproductive efficiency in beef heifers bred by timed insemination and natural service versus only natural service.

Gutierrez K1, Kasimanickam R2, Tibary A1, Gay JM1, Kastelic JP3, Hall JB4, Whittier WD5.Author information 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.2Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA. Electronic address: ramkasi@vetmed.wsu.edu.3Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.4Nancy M Cummings Research, Extension and Education Center, University of Idaho, Carmen, Idaho, USA.5Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.AbstractThe objective was to determine the effects of reproductive tract score (RTS) on reproductive performance in beef heifers bred by timed artificial insemination followed by natural service (AI-NS) or by natural service only (NSO). Angus cross beef heifers (n = 2660) in the AI-NS group were artificially inseminated at a fixed time (5- or 7-day CO-Synch + controlled internal drug release protocol) once, then exposed to bulls 2 weeks later (bull-to-heifer ratio = 1:40-1:50) for the reminder of the 85-day breeding season. Angus cross beef heifers (n = 1381) in NSO group were submitted to bulls (bull-to-heifer ratio = 1:20-1:25) for the entire 85-day breeding season. Heifers were reproductive tract scored from 1 (prepubertal) to 5 (cyclic) 4 weeks before, and were body condition scored (BCS) from 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese) at the beginning of breeding season. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 70 days after AI for AI-NS group and 2 months after the end of breeding season for both groups. Heifers in both groups were well managed and of similar age (14.9 ± 0.4 [AI-NS] and 14.7 ± 0.8 [NSO] months). Pregnancy rates (PRs) and number of days to become pregnant were calculated using PROC GLIMMIX and PROC LIFETEST procedures of SAS. Adjusting for BCS (P = 0.07), expressed estrus (P < 0.05), year (P < 0.05), and BCS by year interaction (P < 0.05), the AI-PR was greater for heifers in AI-NS group with higher RTS (P < 0.0001; 40.7%, 48.3%, 57.6%, and 64.6% for RTS of 2 or less, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Controlling for BCS (P < 0.05), year (P < 0.05) and the breeding season pregnancy rates (BS-PRs) were greater for heifers in the AI-NS group with higher RTS (P < 0.01; 81.2%, 86.5%, 90.4%, and 95.2% for RTS of 2 or less, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Similarly, adjusting for BCS, year (P < 0.05), the BS-PR was greater for heifers in NSO group with higher RTS (P < 0.01; 79.7%, 84.3%, 88.4%, and 90.2% for RTS of 2 or less, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Heifers with higher RTS in both groups became pregnant earlier in the breeding season compared with heifers with lower RTS (log-rank statistics: P < 0.0001). Heifers in the AI-NS group become pregnant at a faster rate compared with those in the NSO group (P < 0.01). The BS-PR for heifers with RTS 5 was different between AI-NS and NSO groups (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the RTS influenced both the number of beef heifers that became pregnant during the breeding season and the time at which they become pregnant. Furthermore, irrespective of RTS, heifers bred by NSO required more time to become pregnant than their counterparts in herds that used timed AI. The application of RTS system is reliant on the use of synchronization protocol. The application of RTS for selection may plausibly remove precocious females with lower RTS. On the contrary, application of RTS would help select heifers that will become pregnant earlier in breeding season.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Apr 15;81(7):918-24. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.008. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
The objective was to determine the effects of reproductive tract score (RTS) on reproductive performance in beef heifers bred by timed artificial insemination followed by natural service (AI-NS) or by natural service only (NSO). Angus cross beef heifers (n = 2660) in the AI-NS group were artificia
PMID 24560451

Japanese Journal

操業経営者の戦略暴走

日野恵美子,三品和広
国民経済雑誌 208(6), 33-47, 2013-12
NAID 40019929615

操業経営者の戦略暴走

日野恵美子,三品和広
國民經濟雜誌 208(6), 33-47, 2013-12
NAID 110009656674

Genome-Wide SNP and STR Discovery in the Japanese Crested Ibis and Genetic Diversity among Founders of the Japanese Population.

Taniguchi Yukio,Matsuda Hirokazu,Yamada Takahisa,Sugiyama Toshie,Homma Kosuke,Kaneko Yoshinori,Yamagishi Satoshi,Iwaisaki Hiroaki
PloS one 8(8), 2013-08-21
… This study provided important insight into protocols for genetic management of the captive breeding population of Japanese crested ibis in Japan and towards the national project for reintroduction of captive-bred individuals into the wild. …
NAID 120005324898

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