blood vessel

血管

WordNet

1. of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle"
2. smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
3. temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
4. people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
5. the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
6. a craft designed for water transportation (同)watercraft
7. an object used as a container (especially for liquids)
8. a tube in which a body fluid circulates (同)vas

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (血液・樹液などを運ぶ)管の,導管の,血管の
2. 『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
3. (比較的大型の)『船』 / (特に液体を入れる)容器,器 / (動植物の)『管』,導管,脈管
4. 純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/25 20:29:56」(JST)

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For the singer, see Buster Bloodvessel.

Blood vessel
Simple diagram of the human circulatory system
Latin	vas sanguineum

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.

Anatomy

The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:

• Tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina.
• Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries): circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel.
• Tunica adventitia: (the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.

Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue.

When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.

There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body.

Types

Blood vessel with an erythrocyte (red blood cell, E) within its lumen, endothelial cells forming its tunica intima (inner layer), and pericytes forming its tunica adventitia (outer layer)

There are various kinds of blood vessels:

• Arteries
  • Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the heart)
  • Branches of the aorta, such as the carotid artery, the subclavian artery, the celiac trunk, the mesenteric arteries, the renal artery and the iliac artery.
• Arterioles
• Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
• Venules
• Veins
  • Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
  • Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).

They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.

Physiology

Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.

Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95-100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the hemoglobin is desaturated at about 75%. (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.)

The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.

Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.

Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).

Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).

Role in disease

Main article: Vascular disease

Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the most common cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world.

Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly necrosis. Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.

Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 子宮体癌：病理組織学および病因 endometrial carcinoma histopathology and pathogenesis
• 2. 胸部MRI magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax
• 3. 副甲状腺嚢腫 parathyroid cysts
• 4. 副甲状腺癌 parathyroid carcinoma
• 5. 大腸癌の病理および予後決定因子 pathology and prognostic determinants of colorectal cancer

English Journal

• Application of Carbon Monoxide for Transplantation.

• Nakao A, Toyoda Y.SourceE1551, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. anakao@imap.pitt.edu.
• Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2012 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, chemically inert, colorless and odorless gas and is toxic at high concentrations due to its interference with oxygen delivery. However, CO is endogenously and physiologically generated in mammalian cells via the catabolism of heme in a rate-limiting step of heme
• PMID 22201609

• Use of macrophages to deliver therapeutic and imaging contrast agents to tumors.

• Choi J, Kim HY, Ju EJ, Jung J, Park J, Chung HK, Lee JS, Lee JS, Park HJ, Song SY, Jeong SY, Choi EK.SourceInstitute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2012 Jun;33(16):4195-203. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
• Drug targeting to tumors with limited toxicity and enhanced efficacy of drug is one of the important goals for cancer treatment pharmaceutics. Monocytes/macrophages are able to migrate to tumor sites across the blood barriers by acting as Trojan horses carrying drug cargoes. Taking this advantage, w
• PMID 22398206

Japanese Journal

• 多クラスAdaBoostを用いた腹部静脈領域に対する解剖学的名称自動対応付け手法 (医用画像)

• 松崎 哲朗,小田 昌宏,北坂 孝幸 [他]
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 : 信学技報 112(142), 65-70, 2012-07-19
• NAID 40019376416

• Selective white matter abnormalities in a novel rat model of vascular dementia.

• Kitamura Akihiro,Fujita Youshi,Oishi Naoya,Kalaria Raj N,Washida Kazuo,Maki Takakuni,Okamoto Yoko,Hase Yoshiki,Yamada Mahito,Takahashi Jun,Ito Hidefumi,Tomimoto Hidekazu,Fukuyama Hidenao,Takahashi Ryosuke,Ihara Masafumi
• Neurobiology of aging 33(5), 1012.e25-1012.e35, 2012-05
• … Rats subjected to bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion or 2-vessel occlusion (2VO) have been used as animal models of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. … However, this model possesses an inherent limitation in that cerebral blood flow (CBF) drops too sharply and substantially after ligation of CCAs. …
• NAID 120003988349

Related Links

• Blood vessel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血管」「vascular」
拡張検索	「blood vessel wall」「cerebral blood vessel」
関連記事	「vessel」「blood」

「血管」

　　[★]

英

blood vessel, blood vessels

• 図：M.28

構造

• 内膜

• 内皮細胞(単層扁平上皮細胞)
• 基底板
• 内皮下結合組織(内皮下層 subendothelial layer)：疎性結合組織、縦走平滑筋
• 内弾性板

• 中膜

• 平滑筋
• 外弾性板

• 外膜

• 結合組織に移行

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動脈	内膜	中膜	外膜
弾性血管	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板 内皮下層(少数の線維芽細胞、散在する平滑筋細胞、膠原線維) 不完全な内弾性板	40-70層の有窓性弾性板 弾性板の間に存在する平滑筋細胞 薄い弾性板 外半分には脈管栄養細胞が分布	線維・弾性結合組織 脈管栄養血管 リンパ管 神経細胞
筋性動脈	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板 内皮下層(少数の線維芽細胞、散在する平滑筋細胞、膠原線維) 厚い内弾性板	40層に及ぶ平滑筋細胞層 厚い外弾性板	薄い線維・弾性結合組織 脈管栄養血管は著明でない リンパ管 神経線維
細動脈	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板 内皮下層：目立たない 内弾性板はなく、弾性線維がある	1-2層の平滑筋細胞	疎性結合組織 神経線維

分類

• 弾性血管 (弾性動脈 elastic artery)
• 筋性動脈 muscular artery
• 細動脈 arteriole

「vascular」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (生物・解剖)導管の、脈管の、血管の

関

angio、blood vessel、fibrovascular bundle、vascular bundle、vasculogenic、vein、vessel

　 　

「blood vessel wall」

　　[★]

血管壁

関

vascular wall、vessel wall

「cerebral blood vessel」

　　[★]

脳血管

関

cerebrovascular

「vessel」

　　[★]

• n.

• 血管、(植物)導管、道管、(一般)容器

関

angio、blood vessel、canal、chamber、conduit、container、duct、sulodexide、vas、vascular、vein

　 　 　 　

「blood」

　　[★] 血液