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one of the small thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries (同)arteriola, capillary artery
of or relating to or involving arterioles

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/09 14:57:22」(JST)

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An arteriole /ɑrˈtɪəri.oʊl/ is a small diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.^[1]

Arterioles have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle) and are the primary site of vascular resistance. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. The decreased velocity of flow in the capillaries reduces the pressure and increases exchange of gas and nutrients. Arterioles receive autonomic nervous system innervation and respond to various circulating hormones in order to regulate their diameter. Retinal vessels lack a functional sympathetic innervation.^[2] Further local responses to stretch, carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen also influence arteriolar tone. Generally, norepinephrine and epinephrine (hormones produced by sympathetic nerves and the adrenal gland medulla) are vasoconstrictive acting on alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. However, the arterioles of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and pulmonary circulation vasodilate in response to these hormones when they act on beta-adrenergic receptors. Generally, stretch and high oxygen tension increase tone, and carbon dioxide and low pH promote vasodilation. Pulmonary arterioles are a noteworthy exception as they vasodilate in response to high oxygen. Brain arterioles are particularly sensitive to pH with reduced pH promoting vasodilation. A number of hormones influence arteriole tone such as angiotensin II (vasoconstrictive), endothelin (vasoconstrictive), bradykinin (vasodilation), atrial natruretic peptide (vasodilation), and prostacyclin (vasodilation).

Blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the work needed to pump the cardiac output (the flow of blood pumped by the heart) through the vascular resistance, usually termed total peripheral resistance by physicians and researchers. An increase in the media to lumenal diameter ratio has been observed in hypertensive arterioles (arteriolosclerosis) as the vascular wall thickens and/or lumenal diameter decreases.

Physiology

The up and down fluctuation of the arterial blood pressure is due to the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output and determined by the interaction of the stroke volume versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries.

In a healthy vascular system the endothelium lines all blood-contacting surfaces, including arterioles, arteries, veins, capillaries, and heart chambers. This healthy condition is promoted by the ample production of nitric oxide by the endothelium, which requires a biochemical reaction regulated by a complex balance of polyphenols, various nitric oxide synthase enzymes and L-arginine. In addition there is direct electrical and chemical communication via gap junctions between the endothelial cells and the vascular smooth muscle.

Clinical relevance

Arteriole diameters decrease with age and with exposure to air pollution.^[3] ^[4]

Disease

Any pathology which constricts blood flow, such as stenosis, will increase total peripheral resistance and lead to hypertension.

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriolosclerosis is the term specifically used for the hardening of arteriole walls. This can be due to decreased elastic production from fibrinogen, associated with ageing, or hypertension or pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis.

Arteritis

Medication

The muscular contraction of arterioles is targeted by drugs that lower blood pressure (antihypertensives), for example the dihydropyridines (nifedipine and nicardipine), which block the calcium conductance in the muscular layer of the arterioles, causing relaxation.

This decreases the resistance to flow into peripheral vascular beds, lowering overall systemic pressure.

Metarterioles

A "metarteriole" is an arteriole which bypasses capillary circulation.^[5]

References

^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ Riva, CE; Grunwald, JE; Petrig, BL (1986). "Autoregulation of human retinal blood flow. An investigation with laser Doppler velocimetry". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27: 1706–1712.
^ Adar, SD; Klein, R; Klein, BE; Szpiro, AA; Cotch, MF (2010). "Air Pollution and the microvasculature: a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)". PLoS Med 7 (11): e1000372. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000372.
^ Louwies, T; Int Panis, L; Kicinski, M; De Boever, P; Nawrot, Tim S (2013). "Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults". Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205721.
^ Physiology at MCG 3/3ch9/s3ch9_2

UpToDate Contents

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1. 糖尿病における糸球体過剰ろ過の機序 mechanisms of glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes mellitus
2. 一酸化窒素と腎臓 nitric oxide and the kidney
3. 高血圧におけるACE阻害剤の腎への効果 renal effects of ace inhibitors in hypertension
4. 降圧療法と慢性腎臓病の進行：実験的研究 antihypertensive therapy and progression of chronic kidney disease experimental studies
5. 心不全の病態生理：神経体液性の適応 pathophysiology of heart failure neurohumoral adaptations

English Journal

Short-term treatment with VEGF receptor inhibitors induces retinopathy of prematurity-like abnormal vascular growth in neonatal rats.

Nakano A1, Nakahara T2, Mori A1, Ushikubo H1, Sakamoto K1, Ishii K1.
Experimental eye research.Exp Eye Res.2016 Feb;143:120-31. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.016. Epub 2015 Oct 22.
Retinal arterial tortuosity and venous dilation are hallmarks of plus disease, which is a severe form of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this study, we examined whether short-term interruption of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signals leads to the formation of severe ROP-like abnorma
PMID 26500193

Methamphetamine induces the release of endothelin.

Seo JW1, Jones SM1, Hostetter TA1, Iliff JJ2, West GA3.
Journal of neuroscience research.J Neurosci Res.2016 Feb;94(2):170-8. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23697. Epub 2015 Nov 16.
Methamphetamine is a potent psychostimulant drug of abuse that increases release and blocks reuptake of dopamine, producing intense euphoria, factors that may contribute to its widespread abuse. It also produces severe neurotoxicity resulting from oxidative stress, DNA damage, blood-brain barrier di
PMID 26568405

Assessing intracranial vascular compliance using dynamic arterial spin labeling.

Yan L1, Liu CY2, Smith RX3, Jog M3, Langham M4, Krasileva K3, Chen Y5, Ringman JM6, Wang DJ3.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2016 Jan 1;124(Pt A):433-41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.008. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
Vascular compliance (VC) is an important marker for a number of cardiovascular diseases and dementia, which is typically assessed in the central and peripheral arteries indirectly by quantifying pulse wave velocity (PWV), and/or pulse pressure waveform. To date, very few methods are available for th
PMID 26364865

Japanese Journal

Significant correlation between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and alveolar repair in elastase-induced rat pulmonary emphysema

Ito Hiromichi,Matsushita Shonosuke,Ishikawa Shigemi,Goto Yukinobu,Sakai Mitsuaki,Onizuka Masataka,Sato Yukio,Sakakibara Yuzuru,伊藤博道,後藤行延,酒井光昭,鬼塚正孝,佐藤幸夫,榊原謙
Surgery today 43(3), 293-299, 2013-03
… eNOS showed a significantly positive correlation to alveolar density and arteriole repair.ConclusionAlveolar repair was correlated positively with eNOS expression by vascular regeneration in elastase-induced rat PE. …
NAID 120005246658

怒り刺激時の生体応答と主観評価の相関

山下政司,守田憲崇,北間正崇 [他],有澤準二,清水久恵
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. MBE, MEとバイオサイバネティックス 112(101), 37-42, 2012-06-15
ヒトが「怒り」の精神状態にある場合の生体応答や自律神経応答はあまり明らかではない.本研究では,健常男性に対して日常経験する強さの「怒り」を誘発する刺激に対する生体応答を計測し解析を行った.その結果,収縮期および拡張期血圧は上昇し脈波振幅は減少するが,心拍数は変化しなかった.また,皮膚コンダクタンス変化は増加傾向を示すが,有意差はなかった.RSA(呼吸性洞性不整脈)-呼吸波の最小相互相関係数ρmin …
NAID 110009588535

A Rat Model for Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Induced by Cigarette Smoke Inhalation and Repetitive Bacterial Infection

Li Ya,Li Su-Yun,Li Jian-Sheng [他],Deng Li,Tian Yan-Ge,Jiang Su-Li,Wang Ying,Wang Yuan-Yuan
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(10), 1752-1760, 2012
… Bronchiole and arteriole wall thickness and the degree of bronchiole stenosis and alveolar size increased in COPD rats. …
NAID 130001872373

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血管」「arteriolar」「arteriola」「arteriolae」「細動脈」

「血管」

Arteriole
	Simplified illustration of capillary system - arteries give rise to arterioles, venules from capillaries form veins.
	Rabbit arteriole at 100X
Details
Latin	arteriola
Identifiers
TA	A12.0.00.005
FMA	63182
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

英: blood vessel, blood vessels

図：M.28

構造

内膜

内皮細胞(単層扁平上皮細胞)
基底板
内皮下結合組織(内皮下層 subendothelial layer)：疎性結合組織、縦走平滑筋
内弾性板

中膜

平滑筋
外弾性板

外膜

結合組織に移行

動脈	内膜	中膜	外膜
弾性血管	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板内皮下層(少数の線維芽細胞、散在する平滑筋細胞、膠原線維) 不完全な内弾性板	40-70層の有窓性弾性板弾性板の間に存在する平滑筋細胞薄い弾性板外半分には脈管栄養細胞が分布	線維・弾性結合組織脈管栄養血管リンパ管神経細胞
筋性動脈	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板内皮下層(少数の線維芽細胞、散在する平滑筋細胞、膠原線維) 厚い内弾性板	40層に及ぶ平滑筋細胞層厚い外弾性板	薄い線維・弾性結合組織脈管栄養血管は著明でないリンパ管神経線維
細動脈	内皮細胞(ワイベル・パラーデ小体を含む) 基底板内皮下層：目立たない内弾性板はなく、弾性線維がある	1-2層の平滑筋細胞	疎性結合組織神経線維