WordNet
- divide into parts, pieces, or sections; "The Arab peninsula was partitioned by the British" (同)partition off
- separate or apportion into sections; "partition a room off" (同)zone
- (computer science) the part of a hard disk that is dedicated to a particular operating system or application and accessed as a single unit
- a vertical structure that divides or separates (as a wall divides one room from another) (同)divider
- (anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism
- attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"
- the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container (同)gaseous state
- a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
- smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
- temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
- people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
- the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
- a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic
- a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉(‥の)分割,区分《+『of』麥『名』》 / 〈C〉(分割された)部分 / 〈C〉仕切り壁 / (…に)…‘を'分割する,分配する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / …‘を'仕切る,区切る《+『off』+『名,』+『名』+『off』》
- 〈U〉〈C〉『気体』,『ガス』 / 〈U〉(灯用・燃料用)ガス / 〈U〉《米話》=gasoline / 〈U〉(麻酔用の)亜酸化窒素,笑気(laughing gas);毒ガス(mustard gas, tear gasなど) / 〈U〉《話》むだ話,ばか話 / 〈C〉《単数形で》とても楽しいこと / 〈敵など〉‘を'毒ガスで攻撃する / 《米話》〈車〉‘に'ガソリンを入れる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 長々とむだ話をする
- 『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
- (数学で)係数,(物理で)係数,率
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/05 22:59:57」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Blood–gas partition coefficient, also known as Ostwald coefficient for blood–gas,[1] is a term used in pharmacology to describe the solubility of inhaled general anesthetics in blood.[2] The coefficient is defined as the ratio of the concentration in blood to the concentration in gas that is in contact with that blood, when the partial pressure in both compartments is equal. The coefficient, thence, has no units. The concentration of the anesthetic in blood includes the portion that is undissolved in plasma and the portion that is dissolved (bound to plasma proteins). The more soluble the inhaled anesthetic is in blood compared to in air, the more it binds to plasma proteins in the blood and the higher the blood–gas partition coefficient.
It is inversely related to induction rate.
Newer anesthetics (such as desflurane) typically have smaller blood-gas partition coefficients than older ones (such as ether); these are preferred because they lead to faster onset of anesthesia and faster emergence from anesthesia once application of the anesthetic is stopped.[3][4] If an anesthetic has a high coefficient, then a large amount of it will have to be taken up in the body's blood before being passed on to the fatty (lipid) tissues of the brain where it can exert its effect.
The potency of an anesthetic is associated with its lipid solubility which is measured by its oil/gas partition coefficient.[5]
Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) is the concentration required to produce anaesthetic effects - an inverse indicator of anaesthetic potency.
Inhalational anaesthetics
[6][7]
| Anesthetic |
MAC (%) |
Blood/Gas |
Oil/gas |
Brain/Blood |
Muscle/Blood |
Fat/Blood |
| Nitrous oxide |
105 |
0.47 |
1.4 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
2.3 |
| Halothane |
0.74 |
2.4 |
224 |
2.9 |
3.5 |
60 |
| Isoflurane (Forane) |
1.15 |
1.4 |
97 |
2.6 |
4.0 |
45 |
| Sevoflurane (Ultane) |
2 |
0.65 |
42 |
1.7 |
3.1 |
48 |
| Desflurane (Suprane) |
5.8 |
0.42 |
18.7 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
27 |
Partition coefficients at 37° C.
References
- ^ "Ostwald solubility coefficient". Drugs.com. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ Magee, Patrick; Tooley, Mark (22 September 2011). The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-959515-0.
- ^ Grossherr, M; Hengstenberg, A; Dibbelt, L; Igl, BW; Noel, R; Knesebeck, Av; Schmucker, P; Gehring, H (Oct 2009). "Blood gas partition coefficient and pulmonary extraction ratio for propofol in goats and pigs.". Xenobiotica 39 (10): 782–7. doi:10.1080/00498250903056109. PMID 19548775.
- ^ Bergadano, A; Lauber, R; Zbinden, A; Schatzmann, U; Moens, Y (Aug 2003). "Blood/gas partition coefficients of halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane in horse blood". British journal of anaesthesia 91 (2): 276–8. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg151. PMID 12878628.
- ^ Battino, Rubin (1984). "The Ostwald coefficient of gas solubility". Fluid Phase Equilibria 15 (3): 231–240. doi:10.1016/0378-3812(84)87009-0.
- ^ Nagelhout, J.J. (2014). Pharmacokinetics of Inhalation Anesthetics. Nurse anesthesia (5th ed., ). p. 79.
- ^ Morgan, G.E. (2013). Clinical Anesthesiology (5th ed., ). p. 156.
|
Anesthesia (outline)
|
|
| Types |
- General
- Spinal
- Epidural
- Conduction anesthesia
- Local
- Topical
- Intercostal nerve block
- Sedation / Twilight anesthesia
- Dental (Inferior alveolar nerve)
- Neuroleptanalgesic anesthesia
|
|
| Techniques |
- Airway management
- Anesthesia provision in the US
- Arterial catheter
- Bronchoscopy
- Capnography
- Dogliotti's principle
- Drug-induced amnesia
- Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
- Nerve block
- Penthrox inhaler
- Tracheal intubation
|
|
| Scientific Principles |
- Blood–gas partition coefficient
- Concentration effect
- Fink effect
- Minimum alveolar concentration
- Second gas effect
|
|
| Measurements |
- ASA physical status classification system
- Baricity
- Bispectral index
- Direct Fick method
- Entropy monitoring
- Fick principle
- Goldman index
- Guedel's classification
- Mallampati score
- Neuromuscular monitoring
- Thyromental distance
|
|
| Instruments |
- Anaesthetic machine
- Anesthesia cart
- Boyle's machine
- Gas cylinder
- Laryngeal mask airway
- Laryngeal tube
- Medical monitor
- Odom's indicator
- Relative analgesia machine
- Vaporiser
- Double-lumen endotracheal tube
- Endobronchial blocker
|
|
| Drugs |
- Benzodiazepine
- Etomidate
- General anaesthetic
- Inhalational anaesthetic
- Infiltration analgesia
- Ketamine
- Local anesthetic
- Methohexital
- Methoxyflurane
- Midazolam
- Neuraxial blockade
- Opiate
- Propofol
- Thiopental
- Thiopentone
|
|
| Complications |
- Emergence delirium
- Allergic reactions
- Anesthesia awareness
- Local anesthetic toxicity
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Perioperative mortality
- Postanesthetic shivering
- Postoperative nausea and vomiting
- Postoperative residual curarization
|
|
| Fields of study |
- Cardiothoracic
- Geriatric
- Oral sedation dentistry
|
|
| Professions |
- Anesthesiologist
- Anesthesiologist assistant
- Nurse anesthetist
- Operating Department Practitioners
- Certified Anesthesia Technician
- Certified Anesthesia Technologist
- Anaesthetic technician
|
|
| History |
- A.C.E. mixture
- Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
- History of general anesthesia
- History of neuraxial anesthesia
- History of tracheal intubation
|
|
| Organizations |
- American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
- American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
- American Society of Anesthesiologists
- Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
- Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
- Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
- Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
- Australian Society of Anaesthetists
- International Anesthesia Research Society
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Pharmacokinetics of desflurane elimination from respiratory gas and blood during the 20 minutes after cardiac surgery.
- Lu CC1, Tsai CS, Hu OY, Chen RM, Chen TL, Ho ST, Gan TJ.Author information 1Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.AbstractBACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Desflurane, with a low blood-gas partition coefficient, is an ideal anesthetic to achieve rapid offset and recovery from general anesthesia. Investigation of desflurane elimination from blood and respiratory gas should provide useful information with respect to a patient's recovery from anesthesia. Therefore, this study is designed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of desflurane elimination after cardiac surgery.
- Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi.J Formos Med Assoc.2013 Apr;112(4):185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.01.017. Epub 2012 May 20.
- BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Desflurane, with a low blood-gas partition coefficient, is an ideal anesthetic to achieve rapid offset and recovery from general anesthesia. Investigation of desflurane elimination from blood and respiratory gas should provide useful information with respect to a patient's recove
- PMID 23537864
- Pharmacokinetics of intravenous emulsified isoflurane in beagle dogs.
- Yang XL1, Zhang WS, Liu J, Yang ZB, Jiang XH.Author information 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 37# Guo-xue-xiang, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.AbstractBACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that i.v. emulsified isoflurane induces general anaesthesia in animals. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics of emulsified isoflurane given as i.v. bolus and as infusion in beagle dogs.
- British journal of anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth.2013 Jan;110(1):128-36. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes311. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
- BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that i.v. emulsified isoflurane induces general anaesthesia in animals. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics of emulsified isoflurane given as i.v. bolus and as infusion in beagle dogs.METHODS: Sixteen beagle dogs were assigned randomly to a bolus gr
- PMID 23015620
- Human blood and plasma partition coefficients for C4-C8 n-alkanes, isoalkanes, and 1-alkenes.
- Mochalski P1, King J, Kupferthaler A, Unterkofler K, Hinterhuber H, Amann A.Author information 1Breath Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. pawel.mochalski@ifj.edu.plAbstractHuman blood:air and plasma:air partition coefficients for C(4)-C(8) n-alkanes, isoalkanes, and 1-alkenes were determined using multiple headspace extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Mean blood:air partition coefficients expressed in the form of dimensionless blood-to-air concentration ratio (g/mL(b)/g/mL(a)) were 0.183, 0.416, 1.08, 2.71, and 5.77 for C(4)-C(8) n-alkanes; 0.079, 0.184, 0.473, 1.3, and 3.18 for C(4)-C(8) isoalkanes; and 0.304, 0.589, 1.32, 3.5, and 7.01 for C(4)-C(8) 1-alkenes, respectively (n = 8). The reported partition coefficient values increased exponentially with boiling points, molecular weights, and the carbon atoms in the particle. The solubility of 1-alkenes in blood was higher than in plasma, whereas the blood:air and plasma:air partition coefficients of n-alkanes and isoalkanes did not differ significantly. Consequently, additional interactions of 1-alkenes with whole blood seem to occur. The presented findings are expected to be particularly useful for assessing the uptake, distribution, and elimination of hydrocarbons in human organism.
- International journal of toxicology.Int J Toxicol.2012 Jun;31(3):267-75. doi: 10.1177/1091581812442689.
- Human blood:air and plasma:air partition coefficients for C(4)-C(8) n-alkanes, isoalkanes, and 1-alkenes were determined using multiple headspace extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Mean blood:air partition coefficients expressed in the form of dimensionless b
- PMID 22674932
Japanese Journal
- 山蔭 道明
- 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 33(7), 939-946, 2013
- デスフルランは，血液／ガス分配係数が従来の吸入麻酔薬の中で最も小さく，速やかな麻酔作用の調節と早期の覚醒が可能である．本邦では，使用可能となって間もないが，実際に使用した麻酔科医の多くが，従来の麻酔薬と比較して，覚醒が早いだけではなく"覚醒の質"がよいという印象を持っているようである．1990年代から，欧米，アジアの多くの国々で使用が認められており，他の吸入麻酔薬や静脈麻酔薬と比較した臨床研究 …
- NAID 130004450214
- 山蔭 道明,澤田 敦史
- 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 30(3), 342-355, 2010
- 吸入麻酔薬は，鎮静・鎮痛・筋弛緩と，麻酔の3要素をもち合わせることから，麻酔科医にとっては使いやすい麻酔薬として古くから利用されてきた．最近，バランス麻酔という概念が普及し，より使いやすい麻薬性鎮痛薬や筋弛緩薬が臨床使用できるようになった．しかし，それでも使いやすい"鎮静薬"としての吸入麻酔薬の役割は色あせるものではない．最も臨床で使用されている吸入麻酔薬はセボフルランであるが，臨床応用されて …
- NAID 130004449867
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