関: bladder calculi、urinary bladder calculi

WordNet

of any of various dull tannish or grey colors
the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed; "you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking" (同)pit, endocarp
an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds; "a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone"
a lack of feeling or expression or movement; "he must have a heart of stone"; "her face was as hard as stone"
building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose; "he wanted a special stone to mark the site"
kill by throwing stones at; "People wanted to stone the woman who had a child out of wedlock" (同)lapidate
United States architect (1902-1978) (同)Edward Durell Stone
United States jurist who served on the United States Supreme Court as chief justice (1872-1946) (同)Harlan Fiske Stone
United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946) (同)Harlan Stone, Harlan F. Stone, Harlan Fisk Stone
United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989) (同)I. F. Stone, Isidor Feinstein Stone
United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893) (同)Lucy Stone
United States filmmaker (born in 1946) (同)Oliver Stone
a bag that fills with air
a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas) (同)vesica
the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death) (同)lapidation

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(物質としての)『石』,石材 / 〈C〉『小石』,岩石の小片 / 〈C〉《複合語を作って》(特定の目的に用いる)石材 / =precious stone / 〈C〉(形・堅さが)石に似たもの(あられなど) / 〈C〉(腎臓・膀胱(ぼうこう)などの)結石 / 〈C〉(果実の)種,核 / 〈C〉《英》(体重を表す重量単位の)ストーン(14ポンド(約5.35キログラム)に相当) / 『石造りの』,石の・石器製の / …‘に'石を投げる,石を投げて殺す / …‘に'石を取り付ける(張る,敷く),沿って石を並べる / 〈果実〉‘の'種を取る
(人間・動物の)襄(のう),ぼうこう,(魚の)浮き袋;気胞　嚢に似た物
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/04 10:19:33」(JST)

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"Urinary stone" redirects here. For stones which form in the upper urinary tract, see Kidney stone. For bladder stones in animals, see Bladder stone (animal).

Bladder stones incidentally found in a bladder diverticulum during transvesical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate via an incision in the bladder)

A bladder stone (also called a vesical calculus or cystolith) is a stone found in the urinary bladder. The term cystolithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the bladder.^[1]

Classification

Urinary stones may be composed of the following substances:^[2]

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite)
Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite)
Calcium phosphate
Magnesium phosphate
Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
Calcium hydroxyphosphate (apatite)
Uric acid and its salts (urates)
Cystine
Xanthine
Indigotin (rare)
Urostealith (rare)
Sulfonamide (rare)

Signs and symptoms

Bladder stones are small particles that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for the minerals like calcium or magnesium to crystallize and form stones. Bladder stones vary in number size and consistency. In some cases bladder stones do not cause any symptoms of signs and are discovered as an incidental finding on a plain radiograph. However, when symptoms do occur these may include severe lower abdominal and back pain, difficult urination, frequent urination at night, fever, painful urination and blood in the urine. The majority of individuals who are symptomatic will complain of pain which comes in waves. The pain may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and chills.^[3]

Bladder stones vary in their size, shape and texture- some are small, hard and smooth whereas others are huge, spiked and very soft. One can have one or multiple stones. Bladder stones are somewhat more common in men who have prostate enlargement. The large prostate presses on the urethra and makes it difficult to pass urine. Over time stagnant urine collects in the bladder and minerals like calcium start to precipitate. Other individuals who develop bladder stones include those who have had spinal cord injury, paralysis or some type of nerve damage. When nerves to the back are damaged, the bladder cannot empty and stagnant urine results.^[4]

Causes

Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed. The use of urinary catheters may cause a bladder stone. Individuals who are paralyzed or are unable to adequately pass urine may require the use of small plastic tubes (catheters) placed into the bladder. The use of these tubes may lead to an infection, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer. Urinary schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma haematobium, has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi.^[5]^[6] However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.^[7]^[8]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of bladder stone includes urinalysis, ultrasonography, x rays or cystoscopy (inserting a small thin camera into the urethra and viewing the bladder). The intravenous pyelogram can also be used to assess the presence of kidney stones. This test involves injecting a radiocontrast agent which is passed into the urinary system. X-ray images are then obtained every few minutes to determine if there is any obstruction to the contrast as it is excreted into the bladder. Today, intravenous pyelogram has been replaced at many health centers by CT scans. CT scans are more sensitive and can identify very small stones not seen by other tests.^[9]

Prevention

The best way to prevent bladder stones is to drink plenty of liquids. Juices containing citrates are thought to reduce the risk of stone formation. A study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology indicate orange juice is more effective at preventing stone formation than other citrus juices.^[10] Men who have difficulty with urination due to prostatic hypertrophy should seek treatment.^[11]

Management

Increasing fluid intake can facilitate the passage of small bladder stones. However, larger stones may require other methods of treatment.^[12] Fragmentation of bladder stones can be achieved by use of a cystoscope which is inserted into the bladder. The urologist visualizes the stone and uses ultrasonic energy or laser lithotripsy to cause fragmentation of the stones into small pieces which are then flushed out of the bladder. This procedure requires anesthesia and may require admission to a hospital. Complications of this treatment include infection and damage to the bladder.^[13] Some stones are too large even for cystoscopic treatment and may require open cystotomy, in which an incision is made in the bladder and the stones are removed manually.^{[citation needed]}

History

Portrait of Jan de Doot, by Carel van Savoyen, holding the bladder stone he removed from himself according to a 1652 account in the book Observationes Medicae by Nicolaes Tulp

Lithoclastic cystotomy is attributed to Ammonius Lithotomos (stone-cutter) of Alexandria, Egypt. The term "lithotomy" is derived from the same words (λιθοτομία (lithotomia) - stone-cutting). Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote that Lithotomos developed instruments to break up and extract bladder stones.^[14] Celsus gave the first description of lithotomy as performed before and during his time, and the operation has ever since borne his name—the Celsian method.^[15]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kidney stone

^ McNutt, WF (1893). "Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)". Diseases of the kidneys and bladder: a text-book for students of medicine. IV: Diseases of the Bladder. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. pp. 185–6. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
^ S. Materazzi, R. Curini, G. D'Ascenzo, and A. D. Magri (1995), TG-FTIR coupled analysis applied to the studies in urolithiasis: characterization of human renal calculi. Termochimica Acta, volume 264, 75--93.
^ Bladder Stones General Overview, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ Bladder Stones Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ Ward, RO (1945). "Some Surgical Aspects of Urinary Bilharziasis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 39 (1): 27–38. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 2181785. PMID 20917589.
^ Lukács, T; Frang D, El-Seaghy AA, Pajor L (1989). "Multiple urolithiasis in bilharziasis patients". International Urology and Nephrology 21 (3): 269–73. doi:10.1007/BF02559736. PMID 2807777.
^ Ibrahim, A (1978). "The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan". British Journal of Urology 50 (5): 294–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1978.tb03634.x. ISSN 0007-1331. PMID 753482.
^ Kambal, A (1981). "The Relation of Urinary Bilharziasis to Vesical Stones in Children". British Journal of Urology 53 (4): 315. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03185.x. ISSN 0007-1331. PMID 7260543.
^ Bladder Stones: eMedicine Urology, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ [1], Retrieved 2011-04-26.
^ Bladder Stones: Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ Bladder Stones: NY Times Health Information, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ Bladder Stones Overview: University of Maryland Medical Center, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
^ Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1831). A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine. Simpkin and Marshal. pp. 311–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
^ Gouley, John William Severin (1892). Diseases of the urinary apparatus: phlegmasic affections. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 3–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 膀胱カテーテルの合併症および予防戦略 complications of urinary bladder catheters and preventive strategies
2. 男性における下部尿路症状 lower urinary tract symptoms in men
3. 間質性膀胱炎／膀胱痛症候群の病因、臨床的特徴、診断 pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis bladder pain syndrome
4. 成人における血尿の原因および評価 etiology and evaluation of hematuria in adults
5. 膀胱外反症を有する小児の外科的マネージメントおよび術後経過 surgical management and postoperative outcome of children with bladder exstrophy

English Journal

Endoscopic Removal of an Intravesical Calcified Sling Using Pneumatic Lithotripsy and Cystoscopic Resection.

Osorio L, Carvalho FL, Branco F, Cavadas V, Autorino R, Soares J.SourceDepartment of Urology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Urologia internationalis.Urol Int.2011 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]
The transobturator tape procedure is a minimally invasive treatment for stress urinary incontinence. The widespread use of these slings has led to an increase in the number of rare complications, such as bladder erosion. Although in the last few years several minimally invasive techniques have been
PMID 21849767

Can the CT planning image determine whether a kidney stone is radiopaque on a plain KUB?

Graumann O, Osther SS, Spasojevic D, Osther PJ.SourceUrological Research Center, Department of Urology, Fredericia Hospital, Part of Hospital Littlebelt and Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Dronningsgade 97, 7000, Fredericia, Denmark, olegraumann@dadlnet.dk.
Urological research.Urol Res.2011 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Almost all kidney stones are CT positive. Before a CT scan can be done a CT planning image (CTI) is generated in order to select the exact scanning area. The CTI looks approximately like a normal kidney-ureter-bladder abdominal radiography (KUB) but with reduced quality. It has been used as a guide,
PMID 21850409

Japanese Journal

根治的前立腺全摘除術後に認めた膀胱結石の2例

松本穣,重村克巳,山中邦人,荒川創一,藤澤正人
泌尿器科紀要 57(2), 91-93, 2011-02
… We report 2 cases of bladder stone formation after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RPP). … In both cases, bladder stones were diagnosed after cystoscopic examination and then removed by transurethral lithotripsy. … They had no history of urinary tract stone formation. … The performance of RRP is considered one of the main causes of their bladder stone formation. …
NAID 120002906262

症例報告子宮内避妊器具のmigrationにより発生した膀胱結石の一例

松田陽介,寺井章人,荒井陽一
日本泌尿器科学会雑誌 102(3), 603-606, 2011-05
NAID 40018793371

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「膀胱結石」「bladder calculi」「urinary bladder calculi」
拡張検索	「gallbladder stone」
関連記事	「stone」「bladder」

「膀胱結石」

Bladder stone
	Classification and external resources
	; A star-shaped urolith can be seen in the urinary bladder on this radiograph of the pelvis
ICD-10	N21.0-N21.9
ICD-9	594.0, 594.1, 594.2, 594.8, 594.9
DiseasesDB	31859
MedlinePlus	001275
eMedicine	ped/2371
MeSH	D001744

　　[★]

英: bladder stone、bladder calculi、urinary bladder calculi、vesical calculus
関: 膀胱結石症

「bladder calculi」

　　[★] 膀胱結石, bladder stone、urinary bladder calculi

「urinary bladder calculi」

　　[★] 膀胱結石

関: bladder calculi、bladder stone

「gallbladder stone」

　　[★]

胆嚢結石、胆嚢結石症、胆のう結石症

関: cholecystolithiasis

「stone」

　　[★]

石、結石

関: calculi、calculus、lithogenous

「bladder」

　　[★] 膀胱 urinary bladder 胆嚢 gallbladder

[McNutt1893-1] McNutt, WF (1893). "Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)". Diseases of the kidneys and bladder: a text-book for students of medicine. IV: Diseases of the Bladder. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. pp. 185–6. Retrieved 2011-06-04.

[mater-2] S. Materazzi, R. Curini, G. D'Ascenzo, and A. D. Magri (1995), TG-FTIR coupled analysis applied to the studies in urolithiasis: characterization of human renal calculi. Termochimica Acta, volume 264, 75--93.

[Bladder_Stones_General_Overview-3] Bladder Stones General Overview, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[Bladder_Stones_Prevention-4] Bladder Stones Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[Ward1945-5] Ward, RO (1945). "Some Surgical Aspects of Urinary Bilharziasis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 39 (1): 27–38. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 2181785. PMID 20917589.

[Lukacs1989-6] Lukács, T; Frang D, El-Seaghy AA, Pajor L (1989). "Multiple urolithiasis in bilharziasis patients". International Urology and Nephrology 21 (3): 269–73. doi:10.1007/BF02559736. PMID 2807777.

[Ibrahim1978-7] Ibrahim, A (1978). "The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan". British Journal of Urology 50 (5): 294–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1978.tb03634.x. ISSN 0007-1331. PMID 753482.

[Kambal1981-8] Kambal, A (1981). "The Relation of Urinary Bilharziasis to Vesical Stones in Children". British Journal of Urology 53 (4): 315. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03185.x. ISSN 0007-1331. PMID 7260543.

[Bladder_Stones:_eMedicine_Urology-9] Bladder Stones: eMedicine Urology, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[Orange_Juice_Fights_Kidney_Stones-10] [1], Retrieved 2011-04-26.

[Bladder_Stones:_Prevention-11] Bladder Stones: Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[BladderStones-12] Bladder Stones: NY Times Health Information, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[Bladder_Stones_Overview:_University_of_Maryland_Medical_Center-13] Bladder Stones Overview: University of Maryland Medical Center, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.

[Celsus1831-14] Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1831). A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine. Simpkin and Marshal. pp. 311–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.

[Gouley1892-15] Gouley, John William Severin (1892). Diseases of the urinary apparatus: phlegmasic affections. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 3–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.

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案内

bladder stone