WordNet

of or belonging to a racial group having dark skin especially of sub-Saharan African origin; "a great people--a black people--...injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization"- Martin Luther King Jr.
the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white) (同)blackness, inkiness
(board games) the darker pieces
black clothing (worn as a sign of mourning); "the widow wore black"
(of the face) made black especially as with suffused blood; "a face black with fury" (同)blackened
offering little or no hope; "the future looked black"; "prospects were bleak"; "Life in the Aran Islands has always been bleak and difficult"- J.M.Synge; "took a dim view of things" (同)bleak, dim
(of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin; "the stock market crashed on Black Friday"; "a calamitous defeat"; "the battle was a disastrous end to a disastrous campaign"; "such doctrines, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory"- Charles Darwin; "it is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it"- Douglas MacArthur; "a fateful error" (同)calamitous, disastrous, fatal, fateful
stemming from evil characteristics or forces; wicked or dishonorable; "black deeds"; "a black lie"; "his black heart has concocted yet another black deed"; "Darth Vader of the dark side"; "a dark purpose"; "dark undercurrents of ethnic hostility"; "the scheme of some sinister intelligence bent on punishing him"-Thomas Hardy (同)dark, sinister
(used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame; "Man...has written one of his blackest records as a destroyer on the oceanic islands"- Rachel Carson; "an ignominious retreat"; "inglorious defeat"; "an opprobrious monument to human greed"; "a shameful display of cowardice" (同)disgraceful, ignominious, inglorious, opprobrious, shameful
harshly ironic or sinister; "black humor"; "a grim joke"; "grim laughter"; "fun ranging from slapstick clowning ... to savage mordant wit" (同)grim, mordant
extremely dark; "a black moonless night"; "through the pitch-black woods"; "it was pitch-dark in the cellar" (同)pitch-black, pitch-dark
soiled with dirt or soot; "with feet black from playing outdoors"; "his shirt was black within an hour" (同)smutty
(of coffee) without cream or sugar
(of intelligence operations) deliberately misleading; "black propaganda"
being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light; "black leather jackets"; "as black as coal"; "rich black soil"
marked by anger or resentment or hostility; "black looks"; "black words"
provide with water; "We watered the buffalo"
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent (同)H2O
supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; "Water the fields" (同)irrigate
once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; "My mouth watered at the prospect of a good dinner"; "His eyes watered"
a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water"
fill with tears; "His eyes were watering"
a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa) (同)Black person, blackamoor, Negro, Negroid
British chemist who identified carbon dioxide and who formulated the concepts of specific heat and latent heat (1728-1799) (同)Joseph Black
popular child actress of the 1930s (born in 1928) (同)Shirley Temple Black, Shirley Temple
a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection (同)febrility, febricity, pyrexia, feverishness
intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment"
highly excited; "a fevered imagination"

PrepTutorEJDIC

黒水熱(重症のマラリアで尿が黒くなる)
『黒い』,黒色の / 『暗い』,まっ暗な(dark) / (特にアフリカ系)黒人の / 汚い(dirty),汚れた(soiled) / 陰気な(gloomy);不吉な;見通しの暗い / 怒った(angry);不きげんな(sullen) / 腹黒い,邪悪な(wicked, evil) / 《文》不名誉な / (コーヒーに)クリーム(牛乳)を入れない,ブラックの / 〈U〉『黒』,『黒色』 / 〈C〉《しばしば『B-』》黒人 / 〈U〉黒衣,(特に)喪服 / 黒くなる;暗くなる / …'を'黒くする;…'を'暗くする(blacken) / (靴墨で)〈靴〉'を'みがく
〈U〉水 / 《しばしば複数形で》『海』(『湖,川』)『の水』 / 《複数形で》流れる水;(海・川・湖などの)波立つ水《+of+名》 / 《複数形で》(特定の)水域,領海,近海 / 〈U〉潮位,水位;《the water》水面 / 〈U〉分泌液(涙・汗・尿など) / 〈U〉溶液,…水 / 《複数形で》(飲用の)鉱泉水 / 〈U〉(織物・金属などの)波紋 / …‘に'『水をかける』(まく,やる) / 〈動物〉‘に'水を飲ませる / …‘に'水を供給する;…‘を'潅漑(かんがい)する / 〈液体など〉‘を'水で割る,薄める《+名+down,+down+名》 / 〈織物・金属など〉‘に'波紋(波模様)をつける / 〈動物などが〉水を飲む:〈船・機関などが〉給水を受ける / 〈目・口などが〉分泌液を出す
〈U〉《しばしばa fever》(身体の異常な)『熱』,発熱 / 〈U〉『熱病』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)『興奮』,熱狂《+『for』+『名』》
(比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》熱のある,熱病にかかった / 熱にうかされたような,興奮した / (憎しみなどが)異常に強い

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/03 02:59:59」(JST)

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(see PMID 23402997 and PMID 22931368)

Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. The disease was first linked to malaria by the Sierra Leonean physician Dr John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever. Easmon coined the name "Blackwater fever" and was the first to successfully treat such cases following the publication of his pamphlet.

Signs and symptoms

Within a few days of onset there are chills, with rigor, high fever, jaundice, vomiting, rapidly progressive anemia, and dark red or black urine.

Causes

The cause of hemolytic crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). There is rapid and massive destruction of red blood cells with the production of hemoglobinemia (hemoglobin in the blood, but outside the red blood cells), hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin in urine), intense jaundice, anuria (passing less than 50 milliliters of urine in a day), and finally death in the majority of cases.

The most probable explanation for blackwater fever is an autoimmune reaction apparently caused by the interaction of the malaria parasite and the use of quinine. Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. There has been at least one case, however, attributed to Plasmodium vivax.^[1]

Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. Blackwater fever is much less common today than it was before 1950.^[2] It may be that quinine plays a role in triggering the condition, and this drug is no longer commonly used for malaria prophylaxis. Quinine remains important for treatment of malaria except when the parasite is resistant to chloroquine, a problem that has been on the rise since 1990.^[2]

Treatment

The treatment is antimalarial chemotherapy, intravenous fluid and sometimes supportive care such as intensive care and dialysis.

Cultural references

Out of Africa, a 1985 film based on the experiences of author Isak Dinesen
The Power of One, a 1992 film based on the book of the same name
The Bridge on the River Kwai, a 1957 film about prisoners of war in a jungle environment
At Play in the Fields of the Lord, a 1965 novel by Peter Matthiessen
West with the Night (1942), African memoir by aviatrix Beryl Markham
Burmese Days, a 1934 novel by George Orwell; several associates of Flory are noted to have died of blackwater fever in chapter 5
The Heart of the Matter, a 1948 novel by Graham Greene
Green Hills of Africa, a 1935 novel by Ernest Hemingway
The Book of Secrets, a 1994 novel by M. G. Vassanji
Blackwater Fever, a 2008 film by Cyrus Frisch
The Blackwater Fever, a blues band out of Australia
An Ice-Cream War, a 1982 novel by William Boyd set during the First World War in German East Africa

References

^ Katongole-Mbidde E, Banura C, Kizito A (1988-03-19). "Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium vivax infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (6625): 827. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6625.827. PMC 2545111. PMID 3130932.
^ ^a ^b Bruneel, F., B. Gacho, M. Wolff; et al. (2002). "Blackwater fever" (in French) 31 (28). Presse médicale (Paris, France: 1983). pp. 1329–34. PMID 12355996.

UpToDate Contents

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1. マラリアの臨床症状 clinical manifestations of malaria
2. 発熱性好中球減少症症候群の概要 overview of neutropenic fever syndromes
3. 重症熱帯熱マラリアの治療 treatment of severe falciparum malaria
4. 好中球減少時に発熱がある成人に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to the adult presenting with neutropenic fever
5. 合併症リスクの低い成人癌患者における発熱性好中球減少症候群の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of neutropenic fever syndromes in adult cancer patients at low risk for complications

English Journal

Laminar chemokine mRNA concentrations in horses with carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis.

Faleiros RR, Leise BS, Watts M, Johnson PJ, Black SJ, Belknap JK.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 440 VMAB, 1900 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinarias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.Vet Immunol Immunopathol.2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Chemokines play a vital role in leukocyte activation and emigration that reportedly plays a central role in laminar injury in equine laminitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of laminar chemokine expression in horses in the classical carbohydrate overload (CHO)-model of lamini
PMID 21889804

Distinct clinical and immunologic profiles in severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria in Zambia.

Thuma PE, van Dijk J, Bucala R, Debebe Z, Nekhai S, Kuddo T, Nouraie M, Weiss G, Gordeuk VR.SourceMalaria Institute at Macha, Choma, Zambia.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2011 Jan 15;203(2):211-9.
BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria, which are extreme manifestations of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, are not fully understood.METHODS: Children aged <6 years from southern Zambia presenting to the hospital with severe malarial anemia (n = 72), cerebral mal
PMID 21288821