WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" (同)wager, play
the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" (同)wager
maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" (同)wager
second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory"
the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet
preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
drug that has the effects of epinephrine (同)adrenergic_drug
relating to epinephrine (its release or action) (同)sympathomimetic

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『かけ』・(…との)かけ《+『with』+『名』》 / かけた物(金) / かけの対象 / 〈金・物〉'を'『かける』 / (かけ事・ゲームなどで)〈人〉‘と'『かけをする』《+『名』〈人〉+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)『かける』《+『on』(『against』)+『名』(one's do『ing』)》
ベータ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第2文字;B,β;英語のB,b に遭当)
=sense organ / 受信装置

UpToDate Contents

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1. β-2アドレナリン受容体機能不全および喘息の多型性 beta 2 adrenergic receptor dysfunction and polymorphism in asthma
2. 2型糖尿病の病因 pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
3. 心不全に対する試験中および新規の治療 investigational and emerging therapies for heart failure
4. アレルギー性鼻炎および結膜炎に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
5. クループ：臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 croup clinical features evaluation and diagnosis

English Journal

Congenital Heart Disease Linked to Maternal Autoimmunity against Cardiac Myosin.

Cole CR1, Yutzey KE, Brar AK, Goessling LS, Vanvickle-Chavez SJ, Cunningham MW, Eghtesady P.Author information 1Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229;AbstractStructural congenital heart disease (CHD) has not previously been linked to autoimmunity. In our study, we developed an autoimmune model of structural CHD that resembles hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), a life-threatening CHD primarily affecting the left ventricle. Because cardiac myosin (CM) is a dominant autoantigen in autoimmune heart disease, we hypothesized that immunization with CM might lead to transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies and a prenatal HLHS phenotype in exposed fetuses. Elevated anti-CM autoantibodies in maternal and fetal sera, as well as IgG reactivity in fetal myocardium, were correlated with structural CHD that included diminished left ventricular cavity dimensions in the affected progeny. Further, fetuses that developed a marked HLHS phenotype had elevated serum titers of anti-β-adrenergic receptor Abs, as well as increased protein kinase A activity, suggesting a potential mechanism for the observed pathological changes. Our maternal-fetal model presents a new concept linking autoimmunity against CM and cardiomyocyte proliferation with cardinal features of HLHS. To our knowledge, this report shows the first evidence in support of a novel immune-mediated mechanism for pathogenesis of structural CHD that may have implications in its future diagnosis and treatment.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2014 May 1;192(9):4074-82. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301264. Epub 2014 Mar 26.
Structural congenital heart disease (CHD) has not previously been linked to autoimmunity. In our study, we developed an autoimmune model of structural CHD that resembles hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), a life-threatening CHD primarily affecting the left ventricle. Because cardiac myosin (CM)
PMID 24670798

Astrocytic glycogenolysis: mechanisms and functions.

Hertz L1, Xu J, Song D, Du T, Li B, Yan E, Peng L.Author information 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Peoples' Republic of China.AbstractUntil the demonstration little more than 20 years ago that glycogenolysis occurs during normal whisker stimulation glycogenolysis was regarded as a relatively uninteresting emergency procedure. Since then, a series of important astrocytic functions has been shown to be critically dependent on glycogenolytic activity to support the signaling mechanisms necessary for these functions to operate. This applies to glutamate formation and uptake and to release of ATP as a transmitter, stimulated by other transmitters or elevated K+ concentrations and affecting not only other astrocytes but also most other brain cells. It is also relevant for astrocytic K+ uptake both during the period when the extracellular K+ concentration is still elevated after neuronal excitation, and capable of stimulating glycogenolytic activity, and during the subsequent undershoot after intense neuronal activity, when glycogenolysis may be stimulated by noradrenaline. Both elevated K+ concentrations and several transmitters, including the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and vasopressin increase free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in astrocytes, which stimulates phosphorylase kinase so that it activates the transformation of the inactive glycogen phosphorylase a to the active phosphorylase b. Contrary to common belief cyclic AMP plays at most a facilitatory role, and only when free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is also increased. Cyclic AMP is not increased during activation of glycogenolysis by either elevated K+ concentrations or the stimulation of the serotonergic 5-HT2B receptor. Not all agents that stimulate glycogenolysis do so by directly activating phophorylase kinase-some do so by activating processes requiring glycogenolysis, e.g. for synthesis of glutamate.
Metabolic brain disease.Metab Brain Dis.2014 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Until the demonstration little more than 20 years ago that glycogenolysis occurs during normal whisker stimulation glycogenolysis was regarded as a relatively uninteresting emergency procedure. Since then, a series of important astrocytic functions has been shown to be critically dependent on glyco
PMID 24744118

Japanese Journal

Beta-adrenergic signals regulate cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Yan Lihui,Jia Zhuqing,Cui Jingjing [他],YANG Hongtao,YANG Huangtian,ZHANG Yongzhen,ZHOU Chunyan
Development, growth & differentiation 53(6), 772-779, 2011-08-01
NAID 10029592653

Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation enhances the expression of G-Protein coupled receptor kinases, GRK2 and GRK5, in both the heart and peripheral lymphocytes

Oyama Naotsugu,Urasawa Kazushi,Kaneta Satoshi,Sakai Hidetsugu,Saito Takahiko,Takagi Chika,Yoshida Ichiro,Kitabatake Akira,Tsutsui Hiroyuki
Circulation Journal 69(8), 987-990, 2005-07-20
… Background: Enhanced expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) has been reported in failing hearts and in the present study the stability of enhanced GRK mRNA expression, and the correlation between the expression level of GRK mRNA in peripheral lymphocytes and in the heart were both evaluated. … Conclusions: The GRK mRNA level is maintained at a high level for a long period without continuous β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. …
NAID 110002696214