WordNet

cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
terminate; "The NSF axed the research program and stopped funding it" (同)axe
an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle (同)axe
long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron (同)axone

PrepTutorEJDIC

『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 血管新生阻害剤の概要 overview of angiogenesis inhibitors
2. 成長ホルモンの生理学 physiology of growth hormone
3. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children
4. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の診断 diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children
5. 成長ホルモン不感受性症候群 growth hormone insensitivity syndromes

English Journal

Spinal cord organotypic slice cultures for the study of regenerating motor axon interactions with 3D scaffolds.

Gerardo-Nava J1, Hodde D2, Katona I2, Bozkurt A3, Grehl T4, Steinbusch HW5, Weis J6, Brook GA6.Author information 1Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jgerardonava@ukaachen.de.2Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.3Department of Plastic, Hand and Burns Surgery, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.4Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil GmbH, Bochum 44789, Germany.5Department of Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands.6Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands.AbstractNumerous in-vitro techniques exist for investigating the influence of 3D substrate topography on sensory axon growth. However, simple and cost-effective methods for studying post-natal motor axon interactions with such substrates are lacking. Here, spinal cord organotypic slice cultures (OSC) from post-natal day 7-9 rat pups were presented with spinal nerve roots, or blocks of fibrin hydrogel or 3D microporous collagen scaffolds to investigate motor axon-substrate interactions. By 7-14 days, axons from motor neuronal pools extended into the explanted nerve roots, growing along Schwann cell processes and demonstrating a full range of axon-Schwann cell interactions, from simple ensheathment to concentric wrapping by Schwann cell processes and the formation of compact myelin within a basal lamina sheath. Extensive motor axon regeneration and all stages of axon-Schwann interactions were also supported within the longitudinally orientated microporous framework of the 3D collagen scaffold. In stark contrast, the simple fibrin hydrogel only supported axon growth and cell migration over its surface. The relative ease of demonstrating such motor axon regeneration through the microporous 3D framework by immunofluorescence, two-photon microscopy and transmission electron microscopy strongly supports the adoption of this technique for assaying the influence of substrate topography and functionalization in regenerative bioengineering.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 May;35(14):4288-96. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.007. Epub 2014 Feb 22.
Numerous in-vitro techniques exist for investigating the influence of 3D substrate topography on sensory axon growth. However, simple and cost-effective methods for studying post-natal motor axon interactions with such substrates are lacking. Here, spinal cord organotypic slice cultures (OSC) from p
PMID 24565523

Transplanting neural progenitors into a complete transection model of spinal cord injury.

Medalha CC1, Jin Y, Yamagami T, Haas C, Fischer I.Author information 1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos-São Paulo, Brazil.AbstractNeural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) because of the potential for cell replacement and restoration of connectivity. Our previous studies have shown that transplants of NPC, composed of neuron- and glia-restricted progenitors derived from the embryonic spinal cord, survived well in partial lesion models and generated graft-derived neurons, which could be used to form a functional relay. We have now examined the properties of a similar NPC transplant using a complete transection model in juvenile and adult rats. We found poor survival of grafted cells despite using a variety of lesion methods, matrices, and delays of transplantation. If, instead of cultured progenitor cells, the transplants were composed of segmental or dissociated segments of fetal spinal cord (FSC) derived from similar-staged embryos, grafted cells survived and integrated well with host tissue in juvenile and adult rats. FSC transplants differentiated into neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Graft-derived neurons expressed glutaminergic and GABAergic markers. Grafted cells also migrated and extended processes into host tissue. Analysis of axon growth from the host spinal cord showed serotonin-positive fibers and biotinylated dextran amine-traced propriospinal axons growing into the transplants. These results suggest that in treating severe SCI, such as complete transection, NPC grafting faces major challenges related to cell survival and formation of a functional relay. Lessons learned from the efficacy of FSC transplants could be used to develop a therapeutic strategy based on neural progenitor cells for severe SCI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of neuroscience research.J Neurosci Res.2014 May;92(5):607-18. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23340. Epub 2014 Jan 22.
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) because of the potential for cell replacement and restoration of connectivity. Our previous studies have shown that transplants of NPC, composed of neuron- and glia-restricted progenitors de
PMID 24452691

Aging-related changes of optic nerve of Wistar albino rats.

El-Sayyad HI1, Khalifa SA, El-Sayyad FI, Al-Gebaly AS, El-Mansy AA, Mohammed EA.Author information 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, elsayyad@mans.edu.eg.AbstractAging is a biological phenomenon that involves an increase of oxidative stress associated with gradual degradation of the structure and function of the optic nerve. Gender differences and subsequent deterioration of optic nerve are an interesting topic, especially because there is little published work concerning it. One hundred male and female Wistar albino rats' with ages 1, 6, 18, 24, and 30 months (n = 20 equal for male and female) were used. At the time interval, optic nerve was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), assessments of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismustase, and glutathione-S-transferase), caspase 3 and 7, malondialdhyde, flow cytometry of DNA, annexin v, and CD8, immunochemistry of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, and CD45, and single-strand DNA fragmentation. Light and TEM observations of the older specimens (24 and 30 months) revealed apparent deterioration of optic nerve axons, abundant oligodendrocytes with pyknotic nuclei, swollen astrocytes, angiogenesis, vacuolar degeneration, and mitochondrial damage. Females were highly susceptible to aging processes. Concomitantly, there was a marked reduction of antioxidant's enzymes and an increase of lipid peroxidation and apoptotic markers. Old age exhibited a marked increase of G1 apoptosis, UR and LR of annexin V and CD8 as well as increased immuno-positive reaction with VEGR, CD31 and CD45. We conclude that aging contributed to an increase of oxidative stress resulting from damage of mitochondria in axons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Age-related loss of optic nerve axons is associated with multifactorial agents including reduction in antioxidant enzymes, disruption of vasculature, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte, demyelination, and damage of mitochondria, which enhance the liberation of reactive oxygen species as assessed by an increase of apoptotic markers malondialdhyde and caspase 3 and 7.
Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands).Age (Dordr).2014 Apr;36(2):519-32. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9580-5. Epub 2013 Sep 1.
Aging is a biological phenomenon that involves an increase of oxidative stress associated with gradual degradation of the structure and function of the optic nerve. Gender differences and subsequent deterioration of optic nerve are an interesting topic, especially because there is little published w
PMID 23996059