WordNet

the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal
of or related to the anus; "anal thermometer"
a stage in psychosexual development when the childs interest is concentrated on the anal region; fixation at this stage is said to result in orderliness, meanness, stubbornness, compulsiveness, etc. (同)anal retentive
black tropical American cuckoo
the abductor muscle of the little finger

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肛門(こうもん)
肛門(こうもん)(anus)の
(次にくる語の発音が母音で始まるときに用いる) / (子音[h]で始まり第1音節に強勢のない語の場合はanを用いることがある.ただし,この場合は[h]を発音しない)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/04 14:46:34」(JST)

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The anus (from Latin anus, meaning "ring, anus", which is from the Proto-Indo-European ano–, meaning "ring" ) is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to control the expulsion of feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may include: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones;^[1] food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts.

Amphibians, reptiles, and birds use the same orifice (known as the cloaca) for excreting liquid and solid wastes, for copulation and egg-laying. Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniotes via the therapsids. Marsupials have a single orifice for excreting both solids and liquids and, in females, a separate vagina for reproduction. Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation, urination, and reproduction; males have one opening for defecation and another for both urination and reproduction, although the channels flowing to that orifice are almost completely separate.

The development of the anus was an important stage in the evolution of multicellular animals. It appears to have happened at least twice, following different paths in protostomes and deuterostomes. This accompanied or facilitated other important evolutionary developments: the bilaterian body plan, the coelom, and metamerism, in which the body was built of repeated "modules" which could later specialize, such as the heads of most arthropods, which are composed of fused, specialized segments.

Development

In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, the embryo forms a dent on one side, the blastopore, which deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. In deuterostomes, the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes were so named because it was thought that in their embryos the dent formed the mouth first (proto– meaning "first") and the anus was formed later at the opening made by the other end of the gut. More recent research, however, shows that in protostomes the edges of the dent close up in the middle, leaving openings at the ends which become the mouth and anus.^[2]

References

^ Chin, K., Erickson, G.M. et al. (1998-06-18). "A king-sized theropod coprolite". Nature 393 (6686): 680. doi:10.1038/31461. Summary at Monastersky, R. (1998-06-20). "Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex". Science News (Society for Science &#38) 153 (25): 391. doi:10.2307/4010364. JSTOR 4010364.
^ Arendt, D., Technau, U., and Wittbrodt, J. (4 January 2001). "Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut". Nature 409 (6816): 81–85. doi:10.1038/35051075. PMID 11343117. Retrieved 2008-07-14.

External links

Media related to Anus at Wikimedia Commons

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における身体的診察：会陰 the pediatric physical examination the perineum
2. 肛門そう痒症患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with anal pruritus
3. 肛門癌の臨床的特徴、病期分類、および治療 clinical features staging and treatment of anal cancer
4. 肛門直腸瘻：臨床症状、診断、およびマネージメントの原則 anorectal fistula clinical manifestations diagnosis and management principles
5. 裂肛：臨床症状、診断、および予防 anal fissure clinical manifestations diagnosis prevention

English Journal

Defunctioning cannula ileostomy after lower anterior resection of rectal cancer.

Hua H1, Xu J, Chen W, Zhou X, Wang J, Sheng Q, Lin J.
Diseases of the colon and rectum.Dis Colon Rectum.2014 Nov;57(11):1267-74. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000217.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Most surgeons suggest the use of fecal diversion in patients undergoing low anterior resections of rectal tumors at high risk for anastomotic leakage. We describe an exploratory study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new diversion method called a spontaneously closi
PMID 25285693

Prospective Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Quality of Life After IMRT and Concurrent Chemotherapy for Anal Canal and Perianal Cancer.

Han K1, Cummings BJ1, Lindsay P1, Skliarenko J1, Craig T1, Le LW2, Brierley J1, Wong R1, Dinniwell R1, Bayley AJ1, Dawson LA1, Ringash J1, Krzyzanowska MK3, Moore MJ3, Chen EX3, Easson AM4, Kassam Z1, Cho C1, Kim J5.
International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2014 Nov 1;90(3):587-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.06.061. Epub 2014 Sep 3.
PURPOSE: A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate toxicity, quality of life (QOL), and clinical outcomes in patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy for anal and perianal cancer.METHODS AND MATERIALS: From June 2008 to November 2010,
PMID 25194664

Cross-sensitization mechanisms between colon and bladder via transient receptor potential A1 stimulation in rats.

Furuta A1, Suzuki Y, Naruoka T, Asano K, Egawa S, Yoshimura N.
International urogynecology journal.Int Urogynecol J.2014 Nov;25(11):1575-81. doi: 10.1007/s00192-014-2405-y. Epub 2014 May 15.
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism underlying cross-sensitization between the colon and the bladder via activation of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channels.METHODS: Using female Sprague-Dawley rats, polyethylene catheters were inserted into the
PMID 24828604

Japanese Journal

現規約の問題点 : 外科医の立場から (特集次期改訂に向けて : 大腸癌取扱い規約の改訂に望むこと)

板橋道朗,亀岡信悟
大腸癌frontier 5(3), 219-221, 2012-09
NAID 40019454657

大腸癌治療における「取扱い規約」の意義とガイドラインとの関係性 (特集次期改訂に向けて : 大腸癌取扱い規約の改訂に望むこと)

固武健二郎
大腸癌frontier 5(3), 212-214, 2012-09
NAID 40019454621

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「肛門」「anal」「ani」
拡張検索	「Balanus属」「Cajanus cajan」

「肛門」

Anus
	Formation of anus in proto- and deuterostomes
Details
Latin	Anus
Precursor	Proctodeum
System	Alimentary, sometimes reproductive
Artery	Inferior rectal artery
Vein	Inferior rectal vein
Nerve	Inferior rectal nerves
Lymph	Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1184
TA	A05.7.05.013
FMA	15711
	Anatomical terminology